Iraq War Resources and Web Sites from Joseph Culligan
Iraq War Resources and Web Sites
-
- Center for Defense
Information
- Arms Trade Data Base provides the text of news articles on arms trade, arranged by country
- Weekly Defense Monitor includes position papers
- U.S. military spending clock
- Eye on Iraq includes several policy assessments
- Center for International and
Strategic Studies
- Organizations conducts numerous projects around the world
- Use search engine to identify policy papers on Iraq
- Center
for Public Integrity
- Its Iraq War Card, released in 2008 documents 935 false or misleading statements about Iraq in the two years following the World Trade Center bombing
- Carnegie
Endowment for
International Peace
- Reports, working papers, and analyses of news articles on the conflict with Iraq
- Council on Foreign
Affairs
- Summaries of articles from its journal, Foreign Affairs
- Confronting
Iraq
- Special issue of Foreign Affairs magazine devoted to Iraq
- Five scholarly articles from 1990 and 2000-2002
- Articles analyze the Gulf War, Saddam's ability to survive, and a call for war after failed containment
- Hoover Institution on War,
Revolution, and Peace
- Description of programs, research, and archival holdings
- Text of press releases
- Search Iraq for the text of articles and transcripts
- Rand Corporation
- Non-profit research organization
- "Research Areas" includes a subject bibliography of RAND publications since 1985 with abstracts of the reports and articles in the RAND Research Review since 1994
- "Hot Topics" has the full-text of current policy papers
- Use search engine for reports and op-ed pieces on Iraq
- Saban Center
for
Middle East Policy
- Offshoot of the Brookings Institution
- Biweekly memoes and articles analyzing Iraqi and U.S. policy
- Stockholm International Peace Research
Institute
- Promotes international disarmament
- Summaries of the SIPRI Yearbook, beginning 1993, cover major armed conflicts, military spending, and disarmament developments
- Describes SIPRI research areas, such as its Chemical and Biological Disarmament program
- Its Iraq and Arms Control is a summary of articles from the SIPRI Yearbook on Iraq for the past ten years
- United States Institute of
Peace
- Promotes the resolution of international conflict without violence
- Describes the organization's work, internships and grants
- Bibliography of free printed publications
- Its Iraq Web Links primarily cover material through 1998 but include a smattering of Bush Administration documents
- Washington
Institute for
Near East Policy
- Leading think tank analyzing options for U.S. policy with the Palestinian/Israel Conflict and Iraq
- Numerous reports and working papers
- Its Publications page is browsable by subject; some publications can be downloaded
- Its Peacewatch page has numerous working papers for downloading
- Numerous articles on Iraq are linked from Professor Ray Tanter's Course Syllabus
Humor
- Iraq
War Cartoons
- Cartoons of Saddam regime, Bush administration, and journalists
- These
Weapons
of Mass Destruction Cannot Be Displayed
- British web site designed as a web error message
THREAT ASSESSMENTS
Chemical/Biological Warfare
- Chemical
and Biological Warfare (SIPRI and Bradford)
[http://projects.sipri.se/cbw/cbw-sipri-bradford.html]
- Full text of Fourth Review Conference Documents (1996) and historic treaties
- Working papers, conference papers, and briefs
- Excellent links to web sites on chemical and biological weapons disarmament
- Combatting
Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Congressional Commission
Report
[http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/pdf/deutch.pdf]
- Outlines potential dangers from weapons by other countries, including old Russian stockpiles and Iraq's anthrax
- Recommends changes in U.S. policy
- Deutch report, 1999
- Harvard-Sussex on CBW Armament
and Arms Limitation [http://fas-www.harvard.edu/~hsp/]
- Text and signatories of the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention, 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, and 1925 Geneva Protocol
- Publications catalog of the program
- Monterey
Institute
Chemical and Biological Weapons Resource Page
- Numerous articles and fact sheets on chemical and biological weapons
- A chart of countries which own them
- Timelines on the use of chemical and biological weapons
- Assessments of weapons in the Middle East by country
- Consider current data on terrorism
Intelligence Problems
- Ahmed Chalabi
- Dr.
Ahmed Chalabi (Iraqi News)
- Brief biography
- Chalabi's Baghdad Compound Raided (CNN, May 20, 2004)
- Chalabi Suspected of Giving U.S. Secrets to Iran (CNN, May 21, 2004)
- Chalabi Denies Accusations of Passing U.S. Intelligence to Iran (Washington Post, May 23, 2004)
- Iran Acknowledges Close Contacts with Chalabi (CNN, May 23, 2004)
- Manipulator (New Yorker, June 6, 2004)
- Dr.
Ahmed Chalabi (Iraqi News)
- Commission
on
the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of
Mass Destruction
- Believes miscalculation on Iraq's WMD due to biased intelligence analysis, lack of information sharing, and absence of strong leadership
- Known as the Robb-Silberman Report
- Presented to President Bush on the March 31, 2005
- Comprehensive
Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD
(CIA)
- Concludes that Iraq had no secret cache of Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Saddam's capacity to create them weakened after 1991
- Written by Charles Duelfer of the Iraq Survey Group
- Available in HTML and PDF formats
- Originally osted to the web on October 6, 2004 but too large to be usable until December 2004
- Summary (readable)
- Prepared Testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Oct. 26, 2004
- University of Michigan Copy of
Duelfer Report
- Volume
1 (52.5 MB)
- Transmittal, Acknowledgements, Scope Note (1.59 MB)
- Regime Strategic Intent (2.2 MB)
- Regime Strategic Intent Annexes (2.34 MB)
- Regime Finance and Procurement, p. 1-71 (11.6 MB)
- Regime Finance and Procurement, p. 72-141 (8 MB)
- Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes A (4.8 MB)
- Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes B-C (12.5 MB)
- Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes D-H (9.56 MB)
- Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes I-L (3.97 KB)
- Volume
2 (74.2 MB)
- Delivery Systems (14.1 MB)
- Delivery Systems Annexes (8.12 MB)
- Nuclear (12.6 MB)
- Nuclear Annexes A-B (7.32 MB)
- Nuclear Annexes C-D (3.87 MB)
- Nuclear Annex E (64 KB)
- Nuclear Annex F, p. 1-5 (12.4 MB)
- Nuclear Annex F, p. 6-10 (14.7 MB)
- Nuclear Annex G (2.2 MB)
- Volume
3 (71.6 MB)
- Chemical Weapons (8.7 mb)
- Chemical Weapons Annex A (7.95 MB)
- Chemical Weapons Annex B (8.8 MB)
- Chemical Weapons Annexex C-F (10.3 MB)
- Chemical Weapons Annex G (15.2 MB)
- Biological Weapons (10.5 MB)
- Biological Weapons Annexes (9.11 MB)
- Glossary (94 KB)
- Volume
1 (52.5 MB)
- David Kay
- Interim
Report
- Interim progress report by the Iraq Survey Group
- Excerpted testimony in closed hearings held by House and Senate Intelligence Committees on October 2, 2003
- No WMD found in Iraq though some evidence of dual facilities
- Iraqi scientists have provided no useful information
- Another copy
- Iraq
Arms Inspector Casts Doubt on WMD Claims
- Tape of National Public Radio Interview aired on January 25, 2004
- David Kay resigned from WMD hunt
- No war-ready WMD found although there may have been some movement of weapons to Syria
- Audio for Real Player or Windows Media Player
- For transcript, University of Michigan affiliates should use Academic Universe; Guided News Search/News Transcripts/NPR; then search for Kay and Iraq in headline on Jan. 25, 2004
- His testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee on Jan. 28, 2004 is only available electronically through C-Span using RealPlayer
- Interim
Report
- Committee
Established to Review Intelligence on WMD (GtBrit)
- Statement by British foreign minister Jack Straw to Parliament on February 3, 2004
- Outlines mission, timetable, and members of commission to review Iraq's WMD intelligence
- Review of
Intelligence on on Weapons of Mass Destruction (Butler
Report)
- Report says MI6 did not check its sources well and a 45-minute strike at Britain was an unfounded claim
- Released July 2004
- Another copy and analysis through BBC
- Executive
Order Creating Intelligence Commission
- Order by President Bush on February 6, 2004
- Intelligence Commission on WMD to report on March 31, 2005
- Co-chairs are Senator Chuck Robb and Judge Laurence Silberman
- Additional members: Senator John McCain; Lloyd Cutler, former White House Counsel to Presidents Carter and Clinton; Rick Levin, the President of Yale University; Admiral Bill Studeman, the former Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency; Judge Pat Wald, a former judge on the D.C. Court of Appeals
- Levin
Says
Newly Declassified Information Indicates Bush Administration's Use of
Pre-War Intelligence Was Misleading
- Press release from Senator Carl Levin on November 6, 2005
- Indicates discrepancy between Administration's WMD claims, Hussein/al-Qaeda relationship, and Hussein religious ties and statements given by the Defense Intelligence Agency
- Postwar
Findings about Iraq's WMD Program and Links to Terrorism and How They
Compare with PreWar Assessments
- Report evaluates CIA prewar assessments of Iraq's WMD capability and its links to terrorism
- Released by the Senate Intelligence Committee on September 8, 2006
- Report on
the
U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments of
Iraq
- Report faults CIA for group think in assuming Iraq had weapons of mass destruction
- Released July 2004
- Full report is 521 pages in pdf format
- Conclusions is a 30 page summary
- Tenet
Address on WMD Intelligence
- Speech by CIA Director George Tenet on February 5, 2004
- Defends CIA's pre-war intelligence on Iraq's WMD
- Tenet Resignation
- Resignation Speech to CIA Staff (June 3, 2004)
- CIA Boss Tenet Resigns (CBS, June 3, 2004)
- CIA Director George Tenet Resigns (ABC, June 3, 2004)
- Tenet Resigns as CIA Director (CNN, June 3, 2004)
- The
Unknown:
CIA and the Pentagon Take Another Look at Iraq and
Al-Qaeda
- Article by Jeffrey Goldberg appearing in the New Yorker on Feb. 3, 2003
- Use
by the Intelligence Community of Information Provided by the Iraqi
National Congress
- Explores role of Ahmed Chalabi and inaccurate information supplied by anti-Saddam forces
- Released by the Senate Intelligence Committee on September 8, 2006
Iraqi WMD Threat
- Comprehensive
Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on
Iraq's WMD (CIA)
- Concludes that Iraq had no secret cache of Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Saddam's capacity to create them weakened after 1991
- Written by Charles Duelfer of the Iraq Survey Group
- Posted to the web on October 6, 2004 but too large to be usable
- Summary (readable)
- Prepared Testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Oct. 26, 2004
- University of Michigan Copy of
Duelfer Report
- Volume
1 (52.5 MB)
- Transmittal, Acknowledgements, Scope Note (1.59 MB)
- Regime Strategic Intent (2.2 MB)
- Regime Strategic Intent Annexes (2.34 MB)
- Regime Finance and Procurement, p. 1-71 (11.6 MB) Regime Finance and Procurement, p. 72-141 (8 MB)Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes A (4.8 MB)
- Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes B-C (12.5 MB)
- Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes D-H (9.56 MB)
- Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes I-L (3.97 KB)
- Volume
2 (74.2 MB)
- Delivery Systems (14.1 MB)
- Delivery Systems Annexes (8.12 MB)
- Nuclear (12.6 MB)
- Nuclear Annexes A-B (7.32 MB)
- Nuclear Annexes C-D (3.87 MB)
- Nuclear Annex E (64 KB)
- Nuclear Annex F, p. 1-5 (12.4 MB)
- Nuclear Annex F, p. 6-10 (14.7 MB)
- Nuclear Annex G (2.2 MB)
- Volume
3 (71.6 MB)
- Chemical Weapons (8.7 mb)
- Chemical Weapons Annex A (7.95 MB)
- Chemical Weapons Annex B (8.8 MB)
- Chemical Weapons Annexex C-F (10.3 MB)
- Chemical Weapons Annex G (15.2 MB)
- Biological Weapons (10.5 MB)
- Biological Weapons Annexes (9.11 MB)
- Glossary (94 KB)
- Volume
1 (52.5 MB)
- Congressional
Hearings in Congressional Universe (UMich Only)
- Search CIS Index, 1970+ by subject to identify numerous hearings on the U.S. assessment of Iraq
- Selected testimony available on line; full text in Documents Center in paper and/or microfiche
- Non-UMich readers should go directly to the key committee web sites:
- Defense
Intelligence Agency Report (CNN)
- Excerpts of one-page unclassified summary of classified DIA report issued September 2002
- Report finds no specific locations for chemical or biological weapons in Iraq but says Iraq could have biological material ready to weaponize
- Released on June 6, 2003
- International Institute of Strategic
Studies
- British think tank
- Report issued on September 9 reviewing Iraq's WMD program since the UN inspectors left in 1998
- Concludes that Iraq could make nuclear weapons if had foreign assistance
- Report not on web site and must be purchased
- However, web site links to considerable newspaper coverage
- Iraq
and Arms
Control (SIPRI)
- Assessment of weapons inspections and WMD in Iraq is a summary of articles from the SIPRI Yearbook on Iraq for the past ten years
- Iraqgate:
Saddam
Hussein, U.S. Policy and the Prelude to the Persian Gulf War,
1980-1994 (UMich Only)
- About 1900 declassified government documents on the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro scandal, the secret arming of Saddam Hussein's army, and Iraqi economics
- Full text searchable by subject, date, and type of material
- Iraqi
Special Weapons Guide (Global Security)
- Extensive descriptions of Iraq's chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons programs
- List of suspected chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons sites in Iraq, including geographic coordinates
- Iraqi intelligence and deception activities
- Links to United Nations resolutions and weapons inspection reports
- Iraq's
Weapons of Mass Destruction (CIA)
- Concludes that Iraq had reconstituted chemical and biological weapons facilities
- Iraq is one to five years away from having nuclear capability
- Lists previous UN Security Council Resolutions and Iraq's actions
- Lists chemical agents and previous use on Iranians and Kurds
- Maps of chemical, biological, nuclear and ballistic facilities
- Iraq's
Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessment by the British
Government
- Fifty-five page report (pdf) presented by Prime Minister Tony Blair on September 24, 2002
- Claims Iraq can launch WPM within 45 minutes of Saddam Hussein's order
- David
Kelly Suicide (BBC)
- Claimed to Parliament on July 15, 2003 that British report on Iraq's WMD had been "sexed up"
- Committed suicide on July 17, 2003
- Article includes his testimony to the House of Commons Select Committee on Foreign Affairs, links to the committee's previous report on the investigation, a family statement, and a biography of Kelly
- The Hutton
Report of the Inquiry into the Circumstances Surrounding the Death of
Dr.
David Kelly
- Results of investigation by Lord Hutton
- Concludes David Kelly was solely responsible for his own suicide
- Text of correspondence, transcripts of telephone messages, and discussion of BBC role
- Niger Uranium
- State of the Union
Message
- President Bush's message to Congress on January 28, 2003
- Use "find" key and the keyword "uranium" to find the passage on Hussein's attempt to buy uranium from Africa
- CIA
Mea Culpa
- Press release by George Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence, on July 11, 2003
- Takes blame for approving statement of Iraq's uranium purchase bid appearing in the State of the Union message
- Another Copy
- Iraq's
Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessment by the British
Government
- Fifty-five page report (pdf)
- Source for claim that Iraq was trying to purchase uranium from Niger
- Fake
Iraq Documents 'Embarrassing' to U.S. (CNN)
- News story published on March 14, 2003
- Outlines reasons by the International Atomic Energy Agency determined the Iraqi documents showing a purchase agreement of uranium from Niger were forged
- Bush
Adviser Apologizes Over Iraq Claim (ABC)
- Stephen Hadley, deputy National Security adviser, apologized to President Bush on July 21, 2003
- Found memoes from George Tenet, dated October 2002, warning against the use of the Niger uranium claim in a speech
- CIA Leak Investigation
- Fmr.
Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson IV
- Investigated Niger uranium claim in 2002 for the State Department and believed it unlikely
- His Op-Ed article appeared in the New York Times,
Sunday, July 6, 2003, Section 4, p. 9, Column 1
- Title: What I Didn't Find in Africa
- University of Michigan users should access Academic Universe
- Search for New York Times under Sources; then limit author to Wilson and date to 7/6/03
- Office of the
Special Counsel
- Special Counsel Patrick Fitzgerald investigated who leaked the name of Valerie Plame, Joseph Wilson's wife, as a CIA operative to the press
- indicted Scooter Libby, Vice President Cheney's Chief of Staff, for obstruction of justice on October 28, 2005
- Web site has indictment
- CNN Special Report on CIA Leak
- Robert Novak Editorial appeared in the Chicago Sun-Times on July 14, 2003, p. 31 and is available in LEXIS-NEXIS Academic (UMich Only) under Guided News Search/General News/Major Papers with Novak as author and Plame in full text
- Fmr.
Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson IV
- Libby
Statement to Grand Jury
- Statement released on April 5, 2006 suggests President Bush directly authorized release of previously-secret national security estimates
- State of the Union
Message
- National Intelligence Estimate Excerpts
- Eight pages of the 90-page document were released by the White House on July 18, 2003
- Text via the Federation of American Scientists
- Excerpts of Forged Documents (ABC)
- Articles concerning the documents
- President
Bush's Case for Iraqi Invasion
- President's
Speech before the United Nations
- Speech outlining case and asking for UN support
- Dated September 12, 2002
- Decade
of Deception and Defiance
- Report to the United Nations outlining the threat posed by Saddam Hussein
- Includes weapons of mass destruction, support of international terrorism, repression of Iraqi people, refusal to obey UN sanctions
- Available in HTML and pdf
- Another Copy
- President
Bush's Address to the Nation
- Address made in Cincinnati on October 7, 2002
- Outlines reasons for pursuing Iraq's weapons of mass destruction and the war powers resolution before Congress
- Another copy
- National Security Strategy
Document - 2002
- Chapters on championing human dignity, defeating terrorism, preventing threats from weapons of mass destruction, encouraging free markets and open societies, and transforming national security institutions
- Greatest danger is the intersection of radicalism with technology
- Calls for pre-emptive strikes
- Dated September 17 and released September 20, 2002
- Another copy
- National
Security Strategy 2006
- Senate Foreign Relations
Hearing
- Hearings to Examine Threats, Responses, and Regional Considerations Surrounding Iraq a post-Saddam Iraq
- Text version (downloaded from GPO web site) includes prepared statements and full text of testimony
- PDF Version (4.2 MB)
- President's
Speech before the United Nations
- United
States Information Agency
- Bush Administration policy on Iraq
- Documents back to 1999 archiving Iraqi abuses, including the oil-for-food program
Iraqi Human Rights
- Amnesty
International Report on Iraq
- Brief report on murder, torture, and political arrests for 2001
- Iraq:
Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2001 (State
Dept)
- Annual report on human rights violations with examples and statistics
- Includes state murder, exile, women's rights, freedom of religion
- Iraq
Ministry
of Foreign
Affairs
No longer active. Link maintained
for historical context.
- Saddam's statements on United Nations sanctions and U.S. aggression
- Outlines United States war crimes
- Discussion of human rights situation in Iraq
- Archived web page from July 18, 2002
- Iraq Research
and Documentation
Project (Harvard/FAS)
- English translations of selected secret Iraqi documents on human rights abuses
- Includes Iraq, Northern Iraq, and Kuwait
- Saddam Hussein:
Crimes and Human Rights Abuses (British Foreign
Office)
- Twelve-page pamphlet outlining alleged abuses of women, prisoners, Kurds, Shia Community, Kuwait, and citizens
- Released on December 2, 2002
North Korea Threat
- State Department
Announcement
- Announcement by State Department Representative Richard Boucher of October 16, 2002
- North Korea admitted it had violate 1994 nuclear ban
- Agreed
Framework (FAS)
- Text of Geneva agreement between the U.S. and North Korea limiting nuclear development
- Dated October 21, 1994
- Another Copy
- Academic
Universe (UMich)
- Best source for current assessments of the comparative threat of Iraq and North Korea
- Use Advanced News Search
- Access General News or News Transcripts
- iraq w/s north korea w/s threat and date after 10-16-2002
- Foreign
Missile Developments and the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United
States
through 2015 (CIA)
- CIA report from 1999 outlining the possible threats from Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Russia and China
- International
Atomic Energy Agency
- Current press releases on weapons inspection program
- Links to archived UN documents and think tank web sites
- North
Korea Special Weapons Guide (FAS)
- Comprehensive guide to North Korean nuclear, chemical and biological weapons
- Explanation and organization of its defense and intelligence capabilities
- Details of the 1994 agreement and contemporary articles
- Updated assessments
- Political
Information
- Index to political web sites, including parties, research organizations, lobbyists, and government
- Search: iraq and north korea and threat
- Numerous links predating 2002
Suicide Bombers
- ProQuest
(UMich Only)
- Indexes some 2500 journal articles in all fields since the 1980s and provides the full text of many since the late 1990s
- Best source for information on suicide bombers
- Rational
Fanatics, by Ehud Sprinzak (UMich Only)
- See Foreign Policy, September/October 2000
- Sociology
and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?
(CRS)
- Congressional Research Service report issued in September 1999 analyzing the characteristics of terrorists
- Includes overall psychology and an analysis of previous terrorists
- Widely discussed in mid-May 2002 for predicting the possibility of hijacking planes to hit the Pentagon, etc.
- Another Copy (HTML)
- Another Copy (text)
- Terrorism and
Proliferation: PS498 (Tanter)
- Course notes describe motivation behind suicide terrorism
- Links to articles
Terrorism
- Advisory Panel
to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving
Weapons
of Mass Destruction
- Known as the Gilmore Commission
- Second annual report in December 2000
- Recommendations include executive and legislative offices of terrorism and coordinating government agency responses
- Attack
on America: Osama bin Laden, the Taliban and Terrorism (East
Carolina
University)
- Annotated bibliography of U.S. government and private research reports on terrorism
- Includes hearings and Congressional Research Service reports
- Biological
and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and
Response (CDC)
- 26 pages in pdf format dated April 2000
- Combating
Terrorism: FEMA Continues
to Make Progress (GAO)
- FEMA's activities, including terrorism training courses
- States that have a response plan
- Dated March 2001
- Defense
Intelligence Agency: Moving Toward the 21st Century
- Brief program goals, including sound leadership, freedom from politics
- Written by the DIA in 1996 and made available through the Federation of American Scientists
- Government
Documents on Terrorism (U Md)
- List of recent federal hearings, reports, and remarks on terrorism
- International Policy
Institute for Counter-Terrorism
- List of international terrorist organizations and data base of terrorist attacks since 1990
- Daily news and weekly articles
- Searchable index to both data and articles
- National
Commission on Terrorism Report (Bremer Commission)
- Full text of report in HTML format
- Electronic text made available through the private Terrorism Research Center
- Copy from the Federation of American Scientists
- On-Line
Middle East Net Assessment Reports (CSIS)
- Analytic reports on Middle East strategic issues: arms, economics, energy, demographics
- Studies arranged by region and country
- Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) format
- Patterns
of Global Terrorism (State Dept)
- Summary of terrorist acts by continent and country for 1995
- Appendix provides a chronology of terrorist acts and a description of the terrorist groups
- U.S.
Commission on National Security/21
- Known as the Hart-Rudman Commission
- New
World Coming
- Phase I report issued in October 1999
- Recommends a cabinet-level position for protection of the homeland
- Another Copy (University of North Texas)
- Full text also available in paper copy in the Graduate Library under the title New World Coming (UA 23 .N471 1999)
- Summary available from the USIA
- Seeking a
National
Strategy: A Concert for Preserving Security and Freedom
(UNT)
- Phase II report issued in April 2000
- Roadmap for
National Security: Imperative for Change (UNT)
- Phase III report issued in February 2001
- Changes needed in federal government organization
- Hart-Rudman
Commission and the Homeland Defense (Army)
- Research report challenging the four basic assumptions of the report
MILITARY BACKGROUND
Operation Desert Fox
- CNN
Special
- On-going coverage, including biographies, timelines, description of weapons, background on biological and chemical weapons
- Crisis
in Iraq (State Department)
- Description of weapons of mass destruction
- Links to human rights reports, travel advisories
- Operation
Desert Fox (U.S. Defense Dept)
- Brief chronology of Desert Fox, December 1998 - January 1999
- Press releases and Defense Department briefings on the operation
- President
Clinton's Address of the Nation
- Address announcing missile attack on Iraq
- Given at 6 p.m., December 16, 1998
- President's
Statement Ending Operation Desert Fox
- Statement made at 6p.m. on December 19
- UNSCOM
- Reports of UN inspection team in Iraq
- As of December 16, does not include Richard Butler's December 15th report citing non-cooperation
- Washington
Post Coverage
- U.S. military equipment and bombing targets
- Description of Richard Butler's December 15th report describing Iraq's non-cooperation
- Russian President (December 17, 1998)
- Saddam Hussein's Address of the Nation (December 17, 1998)
- US Reaction
- Arab-American Groups Condemn Attack; Public Reaction Mixed (CNN)
- House
Resolution 612 (full text)
- Expresses Congressional support for troops in Iraq in 1998
- Roll Call Vote
- Public Opinion Poll (CNN/USA Today/Gallup, 12/16/98)
Gulf War
- Desert
Storm
- Superb web site by Scott O'Hara
- Chronology of the war and troop/equipment contributions by country
- Names of casualties, POWs and MIAs by state
- "Missing" documents describing the Gulf War Syndrome
- Gulflink
- Official Defense Department site on Gulf War illnesses
- Describes chemical weapons used and has some declassified documents
- Maps of
the Gulf War (PBS)
- Maps of various troop positions during the war
- Operation
Desert Storm (Federation of American Scientists)
- Extensive links to official government reports on the war and General Accounting Office studies
- Military analyses
- Chemical
Warfare in the Iraq-Iran War
- Allegations and evidence of chemical agents used in the war
- Fact sheet written by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute in 1984
- Iran-Iraq
War
(Federation of American Scientists)
- Fifteen-page history and analysis of the war
- Iraq: A
Country Study
- Includes coverage of the Iran-Iraq War
- Searchable and browsable
- Army Area Handbook dated 1988
- Iraqgate:
Saddam
Hussein, U.S. Policy and the Prelude to the Persian Gulf War,
1980-1994 (UMich Only)
- About 1900 declassified government documents on the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro scandal, the secret arming of Saddam Hussein's army, and Iraqi economics
- Full text searchable by subject, date, and type of material
- Operation
Earnest Will (Federation of American Scientists)
- U.S. efforts to reflag Kuwaiti tankers and run them through the Persian Gulf during the Iran/Iraq War
Military Assessments
- Estimated
Costs of a Potential War with Iraq (CBO)
- Congressional Budget Office report released on September 30, 2002
- Estimates a monthly cost of $6-$9 billion per month for a war with Iraq
- Provides troop assumptions
- First
Strike Guidelines:
The Case of Iraq (Project on Defense Alternatives)
- Detailed analysis by Charles Wright on the pre-emptive strike guidelines written by Barry Schneider in his 1995 paper Radical Responses to Radical Regimes
- Extensive footnotes and links to related articles
- Iraq:
Former
and Recent Military Confrontations with the United States
(CRS)
- Short history of confrontations, primarily over the no-fly zone since the Gulf War
- Military forces in middle eastern countries
- Written in September 2002
- Iraqi
Special Weapons Guide (Global Security)
- Extensive descriptions of Iraq's chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons programs
- List of suspected chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons sites in Iraq, including geographic coordinates
- Iraqi intelligence and deception activities
- Links to United Nations resolutions and weapons inspection reports
- SIPRI
Yearbook [Web and Library]
- Lengthy annual summaries of international military affairs, conflicts, and disarments
- Includes statistics and signatories to major treaties
- Paper copy: UA 17 .S12 with current in Doc.Cen.--Doc.Ref.
- See also its Iraq and Arms Control for a special report on weapons inspections and WMD for the past ten years
- Strategic
Intelligence (Loyola)
- Links to U.S. intelligence and military intelligence web pages as well as selected web pages of foreign countries
- Selected declassified documents and journal articles from Covert Action Quarterly
- Target
Iraq
(Global Security)
- History of U.S. relations with Iraq
- Concise explanations of U.S. military power, order of battle, and military options
- Iraqi military strength
- Previous wars with Iraq
- Extensive links to key U.S. documents and to the anti-war movement
- UN Peace-Keeping
Operations
- World map identifies current and completed peacekeeping missions since 1948
- Data for each mission includes a description, dates, military strength, and the name of the primary military observer
- Separate sections of the web site include fatalities by type and mission, numbers of peacekeeping forces contributed by country, lessons learned from past missions, and the most current annual report
- World
Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers (ACDA)
- Military expenditures, armed forces, GNP, and population for 172 countries, 1984-
- Arms transfers by supplier and recipient
- Summary of world military forces and arms transfers for various years, 1961 to present
- United States policy on arms control and export
- Issues for 1996-1998 available at the State Department Web Archives
War Powers - Bush/Congress
- Congressional
Resolution - 2002
- Daschle
Hopes to Limit Iraq Resolution (CNN)
- Senate Majority Tom Daschle wants to limit war powers to eliminating Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Believes broader resolution sets a precedent for other countries
- Article also describes Ted Kennedy's views
- Based on interviews conducted October 6, 2002
- H.J.R.
114 - BILL PASSED BY
CONGRESS
- Bill agreement between Dennis Hastert, Dick Gephardt, and President Bush
- S. J. Res
45
- Resolution authorizing the President's use of force in Iraq
- Introduced by Tom Daschle and Trent Lott on September 26, 2002
- S. J. Res.
46
- Introduced by Carl Levin
- Senate Debate
- Congressional Record (Oct. 4, 2002, pp. 9933-9938)
- Congressional Record (Oct. 7, 2002, pp. S60006-S60031)
- Congressional Record (Oct. 8, 2002, pp. S60007-S60107)
- Congressional Record (Oct. 9, 2002, pp. S60145-S60217)
- Congressional Record (Oct. 10, 2002, pp. S60233-60272)
- Congressional Record (Oct. 10, 2002, p. 60342)
- Senate
Roll Call Vote on HJR 114
- Vote conducted in the wee hours of October 11, 2002, 77-23
- Arranged by Senator, yea or nay, and state
- House Debate
-
House
Committee Report 107-721)Congressional
Record (Oct. 8, 2002. pp. H7189-7301)
- Congressional Record (Oct. 9, 2002, pp. 7309-7735)
- Congressional Record (Oct. 10, 2002, pp. H7739-H7799)
- House
Roll Call Vote on HJR 114
- Vote passed House on October 10, 2002, 296 to 133
- Arranged by yea and nay
- Daschle
Hopes to Limit Iraq Resolution (CNN)
- Iraq
Liberation Act - 1998
- Provides up to $97 Million in funding to support a transition government in Iraq
- H.R. 4655, Public Law 105-338 (signed Oct. 31, 1998)
- Laws Covering War Declaration
- Anti- Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (PL 104-132)
- Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978
- War Powers Resolution (Title 50, Chapter 33, United States Code)
- National Emergencies Act (Title 50, Chapter 34, United States Code)
- Presidential Balance of
Power
- Power
Shift to President May Stick
- Brief history of the balance of power between the Executive and Legislative Branch since President Nixon
- Christian Science Monitor article of October 3, 2002
- Proquest
(UMich Only)
- Proquest's Research Library indexes articles appearing in Presidential Studies Quarterly since 1994 and provides the full text
- Journal is primarily focused on presidential-legislative relations
- Power
Shift to President May Stick
War Preparations - Iraq
- Hussein
Interview with Dan Rather (CBS)
- Full text and video excerpts of one hour interview aired on February 26, 2003
- Hussein claims Iraq will fight, will not accept exile, will not torch Iraq's infrastructure
- Challenges President Bush to a satellite debate
- Iraq
Ordered Nerve Gas Antidote (CNN)
- Report that Iraq has attempted to buy massive doses of atropine and obidoxime chloride from Turkey
- Story dated November 13, 2002
- Saddam's
Deadly Subway Scheming
- 60 Minutes interview with Hussein Shahristani aired on February 23, 2003
- Saddam has subway tunnels under Baghdad
- Can be used for a chemical warfare ring around the city or for Saddam's escape in case of a nuclear attack
War Preparations - United States
- Downing
Street Memo (London Times)
- Secret British memo dated July 23, 2002
- Assumes President Bush had already decided to go to war with Iraq
- Printed in the Sunday Times of London on May 1, 2005
- See the Downing Street Memo web site for elated documents
- War
Plan for Iraq is Ready, Officials Say (Washington
Post)
- War plan includes severe bombing on outskirts followed by quick invasion and psychological warfare
- Aim is to foster internal rebellion against Hussein
- Article by Thomas Ricks appears on p. 1 of Washington Post, November 10, 2002
CONTAINMENT STRATEGIES
War Preparations - Iraq
- Iraq
Ordered Nerve Gas Antidote (CNN)
- Report that Iraq has attempted to buy massive doses of atropine and obidoxime chloride from Turkey
- Story dated November 13, 2002
Comprehensive U.S. Policy
- National Security Strategy
Document
- Chapters on championing human dignity, defeating terrorism, preventing threats from weapons of mass destruction, encouraging free markets and open societies, and transforming national security institutions
- Greatest danger is the intersection of radicalism with technology
- Calls for pre-emptive strikes
- Dated September 17 and released September 20, 2002
- Another copy
- National
Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Bush policy includes interdiction, aggressive pursuit of an international nonproliferation policy, and dealing with the consequences of an attack
- Pamphlet released in pdf format on December 11, 2002
- Another copy
- The classified version of this report is known as National Security Presidential Directive 17 (NSPD 17) and Homeland Security Presidential Directive 4, signed May 2002
- The complete report is described in an article by Mike Allen and Barton Gellman in the Washington Post on Dec. 11, 2002, p. A1
Economic Sanctions
- United Nations Security Council Instructions
- S/Res.687 (1991)
- Establishes use of economic sanctions against Iraq
- Goods Review List
- Prohibited goods for import into Iraq
- Revised May 2002
- UN Working
Group on Sanctions
- Overview of sanctions policies beginning 1999
- S/Res.687 (1991)
- Iraq Mission to
UNESCO
- Effects of sanctions on Iraq's health and education
- Pictures and statistics
- Iraq
Sanctions: Humanitarian Implications and Options for the Future
(Global Policy)
- Paper written by several NGOs and Christian organizations on the effect of economic sanctions
- Describes the origin of the sanctions in the Iraq-Iran and Gulf Wars
- Oil-for-food and smart sanctions policies
- Concludes that sanctions hurt individual civilians
- Oil-for-Food Programme (UN)
- Facts and resolutions permitting Iraq to import food for its oil exports
- Sanctions
(American Friends Service Committee)
- Series of articles describing the health effects of various sanctions
Iraqi Weapons Inspection - 2002
- United
Nations Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection
Commission (UNMOVIC)
- Body replaced UNSCOM in 1999 and is involved with 2002 inspection negotiations
- Web site includes quarterly reports and historic documents
- Iraqi
Weapons Inspection: Report
to the Security Council
- Report by chief weapons inspector Hans Blix on January 27, 2003
- Iraq has provided access but not necessarily cooperated
- Iraqi Weapons
Inspection: Report to the Security Council
- Report by Hans Blix on February 14, 2003
- UNMOVIC has not found weapons of mass destruction but they can't be ruled out
- No signs that Iraq had advance knowledge of inspection sites
- Iraqi
Weapons Inspection - Report to the Security Council
- Report by Hans Blix on March 7, 2003
- Iraq is cooperating a little but not providing the expected documentation
- United Nations
Special Commission (UNSCOM)
- Mandate and membership
- General Assembly and Security Council resolutions relating to UNSCOM
- Various reports on weapons inspection
- Latest semi-annual report
- Replaced by UNMOVIC
- International
Atomic Energy Agency
- Responsible for the nuclear component in the Iraqi weapons inspections
- Results of the October meeting in Vienna for renewed inspections
- Previous inspection activities
- Report
to the Security Council by Mohammed ElBaradei
- Report dated March 7, 2003
- No evidence of aluminum tubes for nuclear weapons
- Iraq's industrial capacity weakened
- Iraq's Response
- Hussein
Interview with Dan Rather (CBS)
- Full text and video excerpts of one hour interview aired on February 26, 2003
- Hussein claims Iraq will fight, will not accept exile, will not torch Iraq's infrastructure
- Challenges President Bush to a satellite debate
- Hussein
Interview with Tony Benn (CNN)
- Transcript of Saddam Hussein's interview with peace activist and former parliamentary member Tony Benn
- Denies links to Al Qaeda or weapons of mass destruction
- Aired on British television, February 4, 2003
- Iraq
Info No longer active. Link
maintained
for historical context.
- Letters written by Saddam Hussein on the Palestinian crisis, weapons inspections, and potential war
- English and Arabic
- Archived web page from June 2002
- Mission to the United
Nations No longer active.
Link
maintained
for historical context.
- Speeches and press releases by Saddam Hussein and UN Ambassador
- Letters regarding weapons inspections
- Statistics on the effect of sanctions
- Web site requires a high level browser
- Saddam
Defiant on Missiles (CBS)
- Description of Dan Rather's interview with Saddam Hussein
- Refuses to destroy al-Samoud missiles and challenges President Bush to a debate
- Full interviewed aired on February 26, 2003
- Saddam's
Letter to the General Assembly No
longer active. Link maintained
for historical context.
- Naji Sabri read letter of Saddam Hussein to UN General Assembly on September 19, 2002
- States that there are no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and President Bush simply wants Iraqi oil
- Full text not available from UN web site free but issued as UN Document A/57/PV. 16
- Ten
Concessions
- Ten concessions made by UNMOVIC and Iraq about the inspection process
- Includes admissions of Iraqi cooperation and Iraqi promises of further cooperation, including national legislation and encouraging scientists to meet with inspectors
- Made on January 20, 2003
- Hussein
Interview with Dan Rather (CBS)
- Iraq Weapons
Declaration
- Iraq
Weapons Declaration (CNN)
- Table of contents for the 12,000 page report translated into English
- Report submitted to UNMOVIC on December 7
- Hans
Blix' Notes
- Notes for Security Council briefing on December 19, 2002 by UN Chief Weapons Inspector Hans Blix
- Iraq
Weapons Declaration (CNN)
- Bush Administration's Case for Iraqi
Invasion
- President's
Speech before the United Nations
- Speech outlining case and asking for UN support
- Dated September 12, 2002
- President's
Press Conference on Iraq (March 7, 2003)
- Outlined current intelligence that Saddam is not complying with disarmament resolution
- Will call for UN resolution on Iraq even if resolution fails
- Appartus
of Lies (White House)
- Saddam's use of tragedy, suffering, Islam, and historical revisionism to promote deception per the White House
- Decade
of Deception and Defiance
- Report to the United Nations outlining the threat posed by Saddam Hussein
- Includes weapons of mass destruction, support of international terrorism, repression of Iraqi people, refusal to obey UN sanctions
- Available in HTML and pdf
- Another Copy
- Secretary of State Powell
- Secretary Powell's Presentation to the UN
Security Council
- Presentation made on February 5, 2003
- State
Department Version
- Includes all slides and videos as well as transcripts
- White House Version of Transcript
- Running Transcript (CNN)
- Key points (CNN)
- Iraq: Still
Failing to Disarm
- Speech made to the Center for Strategic and International Studies on March 5, 2003
- Secretary Powell's Presentation to the UN
Security Council
- State
Department Press Releases
- Press releases by Colin Powell beginning in 2002 on Iraq situation
- Includes comments made at World Economic Forum and statement after the Hans Blix report
- State
of the Union Address - 2003
- Speech delivered by President Bush to Congress and the nation on January 28, 2003
- Outlines the weapons Iraq has not destroyed and their possible impact on terrorism
- Proposed tax cuts, Medicare reform, AIDS assistance, energy reduction programs, mentoring for children of prisoners
- What
Does Disarmament Look Like? (pdf)
- White House release of January 2003
- Cites examples of successful disarmament programs and clues of Iraqi non-cooperation
- Why
We Know Iraq is Lying
- New York Times Op Ed piece by Condoleeza Rice, published on January 23, 2003
- President's
Speech before the United Nations
- Security Council
Resolution (S/RES/1441)
- Inspection
Resolution
- Resolution negotiated by United States to inspect Iraq
- Calls for immediate, unimpeded, unconditional, and unrestricted access
- RECALLS, in that context, that the council has repeatedly warned Iraq that it will face serious consequences as a result of its continued violations of its obligations
- Passed unanimously by the Security Council on November 8, 2002
- UN Version of S. 1441
- Inspection
Resolution
- Second Resolution Authorizing
War
- U.S./U.K./Spanish
Resolution
- Claims Saddam has failed to meet obligations
- Considered go-ahead for immediate war
- Circulated on Feb. 24, 2003
- British
Resolution Extending Time to March 17
- Gives Iraq until March 17, 2003 for full compliance
- Must yield completely to UNMOVIC and IAEA
- Six Tests
(UK)
- Draft amendment to UN resolution submitted by Tony Blair and Jack Straw on March 12, 2003
- Proposes six disarmament tests that Iraq must meet to avoid war
Jacques Chirac (French
President)
- Chirac
Makes His Case on Iraq
- Christiane Amanpour's interview with French President on reasons for opposing resolution authorizing force
- Aired on 60 Minutes on March 16, 2003
- Paris:
We May Help in Chemical War (CNN)
- Article posted by CNN on March 18, 2003
- According to French ambassador, Saddam's use of chemical or biological weapons would change French position on war
- French/German/Russian
Memo
- Calls for war as last resort
- Circulated on Feb. 24, 2003
- Azores
Summit Press Conference
- Summit between Spain, Britain, and U.S. held on March 16, 2003
- Transcript of President Bush's statements on Iraq and calling March 17 the world's "Moment of Truth"
- Statements by President Aznar on the Atlantic alliance and Prime Minister Blair on Iraq
- Questions and answers
- Clear indication that war with Iraq likely the week of March 17
- U.S./U.K./Spanish
Resolution
- Woodward's Plan of
Attack
- Sixty
Minutes Interview (CBS)
- Extensive experts and videos of CBS interview with Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward on April 18, 2004
- His book, Plan of Attack, says the Bush Administration began planning for the Iraq War shortly after 9/11/2001
- Cheney's idea, Bush's Christian mission, Colin Powell not told, deal with Saudi Arabia to reduce gas prices in Fall 2004
- Rumsfeld
Interview with Woodward
- Redacted transcript of Secy. of Defense Rumsfeld's interview with Bob Woodward on October 23, 2003
- Released on April 19, 2004 to modify claims in Woodward book
- Another copy
- Sixty
Minutes Interview (CBS)
Iraqi Weapons Inspection - 1998
- News Coverage
- BBC
News
- British analysis of military options
- Issue dated February 13, 1998
- MSNBC News:
The Persian Gulf Balance of Power
- Map of U.S. forces
- Archive of news articles
- One
World
- News articles opposed to U.S. action against Iraq
- PBS
Online NewsHour
- Interview with UN Ambassador Bill Richardson on November 12, 1997
- Washington
Post International Special Report
- Review of U.S. military strength and Iraqi germ missile sites
- BBC
News
- Iraq
- Ba'th
Arab Socialist Party
- Speech by Saddam Hussein on Arab Unity in September 1997
- Iraq's
Army Organization (CNN)
- Description of army organization, forces, and equipment
- U.S. and British military assets in the region
- Data from Jane's World Armies
- Mission to the United
Nations No longer active. Link
maintained
for historical context.
- Speeches and press releases by Saddam Hussein and UN Ambassador
- Letters regarding weapons inspections
- Statistics on the effect of sanctions
- Web site requires a high level browser
- Ba'th
Arab Socialist Party
- Iraqi
National
Congress
- Web site supporting Iraqi opposition forces
- Lists suspected locations for weapons of mass destruction and names the countries which contributed to them
- Pictures of suspected palaces
- News and cultural information
- United
Nations
- Diplomatic Agreement
- Memorandum
of
Understanding
- Memorandum of understanding between the United Nations and Iraq on weapons inspection dated February 23, 1998
- Press
Conference (Annan/Aziz)
- Unofficial transcript of press conference with UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and Iraq Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz on Memorandum of Understanding
- Press conference on February 23, 1998
- Memorandum
of
Understanding
- Secretary General
- Secretary
General's Mission to Iraq
- Includes items in this section and additional news
- Security
Council Resolution 1154
- Resolution affirms Secretary General's Memorandum of Understanding
- Promises severest consequences if Saddam Hussein does not comply with inspection agreement
- Passed on March 2, 1998
- UN
News Story
- Press release dated February 22, 1998 about diplomatic agreement between Kofi Annan and Saddam Hussein on weapons inspection
- Secretary
General's Mission to Iraq
- Security Council
- Security
Council
- Security Council resolutions since 1974 with searchable interface since 1994
- Security
Council Resolution 1134
- Resolution insisting Iraq allow its Special Commission to investigate nuclear sites
- Resolution dated October 23, 1997
- Security Council Resolution 1137
- Condemns Iraq's continuing refusal to allow U.S. weapons inspectors
- Dated November 12, 1997
- Security
Council
- United Nations Web
Site
- For additional coverage
- Search as iraq weapons inspection and specify the field as all words
- United Nations
Special Commission
- Mandate and membership
- General Assembly and Security Council resolutions relating to UNSCOM
- Various reports on weapons inspection
- Latest semi-annual report
- Diplomatic Agreement
- United States
- Congressional
Research Service
- April 1998 report on current Iraqi chemical and biological weapons capability
- Includes intelligence reports and discrepancies of information
- State
Department Press Briefing
- Press briefing by James Rubin on October 29 about the seriousness of the situation
- United States Military
Plans - February 1998
- CNN
Coverage of Town Meeting
- Officials explain Iraq policy at Ohio State University on February 18
- Audio coverage of questions and answers
- News story and reaction
- Congressional Bills
- H.R. 3208 (Paul) against using Defense Department appropriations for attack
- H.Con.Res. 226 (Bartlett) prohibits attack unless authorized by law
- S.Con.Res. 71 (Lott) condemns Iraq for threatening peace
- H.Res. 322 (Lantos) expresses sense of Congress that U.S. should act
- S.Con.Res. 76 (Murkowski) enforces embargo
- S. Res. 179 (Specter) condemns Saddam Hussein as a war criminal
- Iraq
Liberation Act
- Provides up to $97 Million in funding to support a transition government in Iraq
- H.R. 4655, Public Law 105-338 (signed Oct. 31, 1998)
- Search THOMAS for the text, summary, and status of these bills as well as links to speeches in the Congressional Record
- Washington
Post/ABC Poll
- Poll taken February 17-18, 1998
- Public support for military options given various conditions
- CNN
Coverage of Town Meeting
- United States Military Plans -
November 1998
- Letter
from Tariq Aziz
- Letter dated November 14 offering compliance
- Includes two-page addendum with additional recommendations
- Letter
from Nizar Hamdoon
- Letter from Iraqi ambassador to UN dated November 14, 1998
- Reaffirms full compliance with weapons inspection
- President
Clinton's Address to Nation
- November 15th address suspending planned military action against Iraq
- Call for new government
- Letter
from Tariq Aziz
- Congressional
Research Service
International Treaties
- Arms
Control Treaties and Agreements (ACDA/State Dept.)
[http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/bureau_ac/treaties_ac.html]
- Full text of 40 historic arms control agreements
- Biological, environmental, nuclear, and space
- International Laws
and Treaties
(House of Representatives/Pritchard) [Web]
- Links to major historical and current international treaties, including those on the UN and League of nations, trade, human rights, the environment and peace treaties following major wars
- Major
International Instruments on Disarmament (UNCD)
[http://www.unog.ch/frames/disarm/distreat/warfare.htm]
- Full text of international treaties on conventionalm, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons since 1925
- Multilateral
Treaties (Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy) [Web]
- Historical and current international conventions on arms control, environment, human rights and trade
- Approach by topic or date with keyword index
- United
Nations Treaty Data
Base (UMich Only)
- Subject approach to international treaties deposited with the United Nations and League of Nations
- Searchable by subject, parties, type of agreement, date signed
- Text viewable page by page
- Alternatiff plug-in permits one to view the entire treaty at the same time
- The full texts of the treaties are also located in the printed United Nations Treaty Series (JX 170 .U54 with current in the Documents Center)
No-Fly Zone
- Defense
Link
- Search Defense Department web site for current press releases on encounters in Iraq's no-fly zone
- Iraq:
Former
and Recent Military Confrontations with the United States
(CRS)
- Short history of confrontations, primarily over the no-fly zone since the Gulf War
- Military forces in middle eastern countries
- Written in September 2002
- Security Council Resolution
688
- Per Congressional Research Service Report (above), the United States interprets this resolution as authorizing a no-fly zone
Oil-for-Food Program
- Annan
Names Independent Panel to Probe Oil-for-Food
Allegations
- Kofi Annan names Paul Volcker to head panel investigating possible kickbacks by countries involved in the program
- Dated April 21, 2004
- Independent
Inquiry Committee: Oil for Food
- Interim reports on alleged United Nations program exchanging food for Iraqi oil
- Paul Volcker chaired the committee
- Iraq
Oil-for-Food Program: Starving for Accountability
- House Government Reform investigation beginning on April 21, 2004
- Chaired by Christopher Shays
- Web site includes prepared statements by witnesses on program operation and possible mismanagement
- Manipulation of the
Oil-for-Food Programme by the Iraqi Regime
- Final report by the Volcker Commission released on October 27, 2005
- Claims that 2200 individuals and corporations as well as several countries were involved in kickbacks
- Blames poor management at the UN
- PDF Version (16 MB) and Backup Copy
- Oil-for-Food
Programme (UN)
- Description of humanitarian relief provided to Iraq in return for oil sales
- Achievements of the program: agriculture, nutrition, housing, sanitation
- Some financial program
- April 14, 1995 to November 21, 2003, when it was handed over to the Coalition Provisional Authority
- Security Council Resolution 986
(1995)
- Establishes oil for food program
WAR
War Declarations
- President's
Address to the Nation (March 17, 2003)
- Gives Saddam Hussein and sons 48 hours to leave Iraq before military action begins
- Cites previous UN resolutions
- Another Copy
- Saddam
Rejects
Bush Ultimatum (BBC)
- Description of rejection
- Full text hard to obtain because probably covered by copyright
- President's
Letter to Congress
- Letter declares that diplomacy has failed
- Essentially a notification of imminent war
- Written by President Bush to President Pro-Tem of the Senate and Speaker of the House on March 18, 2003
- President's
Announcement of Hostilities
- Speech given to the nation on March 19, at 10:16 p.m. EST
- War began early due to report of "target of opportunity"
- President's
Announcement on End of Combat
- Speech made by President Bush abroad the Abraham Lincoln on May 1, 2003
Military Operations
- Australian Ministry
of
Defense
- Numbers of troops deployed in Operation Falconer
- British
Ministry of Defense
- Extensive news coverage and photographs of Operation Telic
- Defend America
- Official Defense Department web site on war against terrorism
- Numerous special reports on Operation Iraqi Freedom
- United States Central
Command
- Transcripts of daily press briefings on the war
- Reports of special investigations
- Links to military magazines and various news sources
- Iraq
- Web Sites Down
- Official Iraqi government web sites beginning with http://www.uruklink.net/ are down as of March 26, 2003
- The Iraqi Mission to the United Nations is also unavailable as of March 26, 2003
- Alternative news sources with a Middle East perspective
- Abu Dhabi
- Al-Jazeera
(English Version)
- Television network to the Arab world from Qatar
- Arabic News
- Debka File (Israel)
- Iraq Daily
- Iraq Report
- Saddam Urges
Jihad
- Text of statement urging Iraqis to fight the Americans and commit suicide if necessary
- Message allegedly written by Saddam and delivered by the Information Minister on April 1, 2003
- Web Sites Down
- News Coverage
- America at
War (CBS)
- Current news and war photos
- Conflict in
Iraq (Washington Post)
- Current news coverage and pictures
- Analysis of strategies
- Target:
Iraq (MSNBC)
- Current news coverage
- Military assessments
- War
in Iraq (BBC)
- War and interviews from British reports
- More emphasis on effect of war in Iraq and Middle East
- War
on Iraq (CNN)
- Instant and archived news bulletins on the war
- Assessments of Iraqi and coaltion military force
- Maps and special reports
- Sky
News
- U.K. coverage of war featuring reporters in the field
- War
with Iraq (ABC)
- Continuous news stories and updating
- Analysis of strategies
- America at
War (CBS)
Casualties
- COALITION
- Non-US Troop
Presence and Casualties in Iraq (UMich)
- Graphic showing number of troops and percentage casualties of coalition partners as of November 30, 2005
- Includes separate list of countries which are no longer providing troops
- By Jana von Stein, Political Science Department, University of Michigan
- U.S.
and Coalition Casualties (CNN)
- Picture, name, age, unit, hometown, and circumstances of death
- Non-US Troop
Presence and Casualties in Iraq (UMich)
- UNITED STATES
- U.S.
Casualties in Iraq
- Numbers and graphs of wounded and dead in Iraq
- Monthly totals give names and circumstances
- Defenselink
Casualty
List
- Table provides up-to-date numbers of wounded and killed soldiers in Afghanistan and Iraq, separated by combat and non-combat
- Military
Casualty
Information
- Killed or wounded in Iraq by branch of service and either age, race, gender, or rank
- Deaths also indicate reserve status
- Casualty statistics beginning with the Revolutionary War vary in detail but usually include deaths by branch of service
- U.S.
Casualties in Iraq
- IRAQ
- Photographs
- Somber
Task of Honoring the Fallen (Seattle Times)
- Picture taken by Tami Solicio of flag-drapped coffins of U.S. soldiers returning from Kuwait
- Article published on April 21, 2004 caused controversy with Defense Department
- Additional pictures reported on The Memory Hole but not verified on 4/23/04 because server down
- Somber
Task of Honoring the Fallen (Seattle Times)
- Iraq
Index:
Tracking Variables of Reconstruction and Security in post-Saddam
Iraq (Brookings)
- Troop deaths by cause, civilian casualties, Iraqi armed forces, insurgents, car bombs
- Telephone subscribers, length of waiting time at gas station, internet subscribers, life expectancy, water and sewer connections
- Also includes public opinion polls on U.S. occupation issues broken down by religion
- Reports began in November 2003 and are updated weekly
Coalition Members
- Coalition
- White House press release of March 27, 2003
- Does not include contributions
- Contributions of Coalition Members
- See printed Ann Arbor News, March 29, 2003, p. A4
- Iraq
Coalition Map (Ruste)
- World map dated 2003 illustrating which coalition countries were providing troops and which were providing political support
- Non-US Troop
Presence and Casualties in Iraq (UMich)
- Graphic showing number of troops and percentage casualties of coalition partners as of November 30, 2005
- Includes separate list of countries which are no longer providing troops
- By Jana von Stein, Political Science Department, University of Michigan
- Post-War Iraq:
Foreign Contributions to Training, Peacekeeping and
Reconstruction
- Issued by the Congressional Research Service in June 2005
- Provides details of foreign troops and financial contributions
- Iraq
Weekly Status Report
- Newsletter by the State Department on actions taken to achieve eight goals in Iraq
- Includes members of the Coalition Forces
Embedding Journalists
- Public
Affairs Guidance on Embedding Media
- Defense Department rationale and rules for embedding media during the war with Iraq
- Issued February 2003
Homeland Security
- Declaration
of Orange Alert (DHS)
- Declaration by Tom Ridge on March 17, 2003 following President Bush's address to the nation
- Operation
Liberty Shield Fact Sheet (DHS)
- Specific anti-terrorism measures the DHS will take during the Iraq War
- Includes borders, transportation, monitoring suspects, infrastructure protection, and health planning
- Released on March 18, 2003
- Department of
Homeland
Security
- Specific information for citizens, government, employees, and citizens
- Links to Ready.gov for detailed information to help citizens prepare for terrorism
Humanitarian Assistance
- Humanitarian
Information Center: Iraq
- Sophisticated data base under development as of March 28, 2003
- Maps of Iraq's regions with information about humanitarian aid
- Numerous maps, including those of possible water supplies
- Assessment data and contacts
- International Federation of
Red
Cross and Red Crescent Societies
- Plans of national Red Crescent societies in the Middle East to assist Iraqis
- On-going news
- ReliefWeb:
Iraq
- Daily news on relief efforts from all agencies within the United Nations dealing with humanitarian aid
Iraqi Leadership
- Altered
Pictures of Saddam (CNN)
- Five photos released by the military on August 1, 2003 on possible Saddam disguises
- Daughter:
Saddam 'had a big heart' (CNN)
- Report of interview with Raghdad Hussein on August 1, 2003
- Deck
of
Cards
- Playing cards given to U.S. soldiers with 55 Iraqi leaders on its capture list
- Saddam is the ace of spades; his sons are the ace of hearts and clubs
- Ex-Bodyguard for Uday Tells of Near Misses, Defiance,
Defeat
- Article by Matthew McAllester appearing in Newsday, July 25, 2003, p. A07
- Describes Saddam's location during U.S. bombing attempts, appearance at mosque on April 11, Uday's need to be accepted by father
- Obtaining full text
- Printed Newsday, July 25, 2003, p. A07
- Printed Ann Arbor News, July 25, 2003, p. A5
- Purchase from Newsday
- Lexis-Nexis
Academic (UMich Only) using Guided News Search/General
News/Major Papers with McAllester as author and date as 7/25/03
- Newsday article available until January 2004
- Summaries from other newspapers may be available longer
- CNN's Interview with McAllester provides an extensive summary
- Hussein Brothers
- Lt.
Gen. Sanchez Briefing on the Confirmation of the Deaths of Uday and
Qusay
Hussein
- Briefing held before the international press on July 23, 2003
- Provides details of the July 22 raid and answers questions about the purpose
- Includes a slide show
- Pentagon:
Saddam's Sons Are Dead (CNN)
- Extensive article on death of Uday and Qusay Hussein's death due to a firefight in Mosul on July 22, 2003
- Pop-up profiles of Saddam, Uday and Qusay
- Pictures of firefight
- Lt.
Gen. Sanchez Briefing on the Confirmation of the Deaths of Uday and
Qusay
Hussein
- Video
Shows Haggard Saddam Promising Victory
- Associated Press report that Saddam promised victory in a video tape on April 9
- Video aired on Abu Dhabi Television on April 18
- Article dated May 3, 2003
Oil
- Iraq:
Baghdad Moves to Euro (RFE/RL)
- Radio Free Europe article by Charles Recknagel, dated November 1, 2000
- Saddam moved from using the U.S. dollar to the Euro for trading oil on November 6, 2000
- Expected to cost Iraq money
- Iraq
Nets Handsome Profit by Dumping Dollar for Euro
- Article in the Guardian, appearing February 16, 2003
- Value of Euro v. U.S. dollar has risen, netting Iraq additional funds
- Monthly Energy
Review
- Data on all types of energy supplies, consumption, imports and exports
- Access the Petroleum icon for imports from individual countries
- Data in pdf, xls, and html
Prisoners of War
- Geneva
Convention on Treatment of Prisoners of War
- Convention signed on August 12, 1949
- Jessica
Lynch Arrives to Open Arms in West Virginia (ABC)
- Story of ex-POW's homecoming on July 22, 2003
- Lynch became a symbol of the American soldier
- Text of Her Remarks (ABC)
- See also Prisoner Abuse
War Crimes
- Rules
of Warfare (Tufts)
- Full text of numerous international treaties on the rules of warfare and arms control, 1899-1998
- See also Prisoners during Occupation
Weblogs
- Weblogs, or "blogs," are the best of journalistic reports in a variety of format from individuals, soldiers or professional journalists
- The
Guardian
- Limited number of blogs from newspaper reporters
- MSNBC
- Best news reporting
- Numerous links to other blogs dealing with the war
- Soldier Weblogs
- Where
is Raed?/Salam Pax
- Graphic descriptions of the war inside Baghdad in diary form
POLITICAL AFTERMATH OF WAR
Articles
- Academic
Universe (UMich Only)
- Discussion of a post-Saddam Iraq occurs frequently on Sunday morning talk shows
- Use Advanced News Search/News Transcripts for 2001-2002 to identify projections
- Political
Information
- Index to political web sites, including political parties, news sources, and lobby groups
- Try an initial search, post-saddam
- Day
After: Planning for a Post-War Iraq (American Enterprise
Institute)
- Unofficial transcript of conference held on October 3, 2002
- Includes description of country and its own ambitions, war crimes, oil, regional participation
- Iraq
After
Saddam (Center for Strategic and International
Studies)
- Cites challenges of nation building after a gut of the economy and the variety of cultural factions
- Working paper written in 1998
- U.S. Mulls
Iraq
Occupation (MSNBC)
- U.S. considering a military occupation of Iraq similar to that of Japan after World War II
- Report on New York Times article, U.S. Has a Plan to Occupy Iraq by David Sanger and Eric Schmidt, Oct. 11, 2002
- UMich affiliates should use Academic Universe to locate full text of article
European Union
- Situation
in Iraq (European Union)
- Vision of Iraq post-Saddam
- Commitment to humanitarian needs
- Results of March 20, 2003 spring meeting
Iraqi Interest Groups
- Assyrian
Democratic Movement
- Statement of purpose in English
- Ba'th
Arab Socialist Party
- Party of Saddam Hussein
- Bet-Nahrain Democratic
Party
- For separate Assyrian homeland in Iraq
- Constitutional Monarchy
Movement
- Describes original principles of the constitution, which were aborted by the coups
- Encourages participation of the Kurds
- Iraq
Foundation
- News stories about Iraqi opposition groups
- Various reports on human rights abuses
- UN resolutions regarding Iraq
- Links to related web sites on Iraq
- Iraqi National Congress
- Web site supporting Iraqi opposition forces
- Lists suspected locations for weapons of mass destruction and names the countries which contributed to them
- Pictures of suspected palaces
- News and cultural information
- Kurdistan Communist
Party
- Wants to put Saddam Hussein on trial
- Kurdistan Democratic
Party
- Tribute to founder Barzani
- Statement of principles
- Kurdistan Socialist
Democratic Party
- Text in Arabis only
- Kurdistan Toilers
Party
- Brief history available in English
- Party
of the New Rise
- Limited information available in English
- Patriotic Union of
Kurdistan
- Press releases on relations with Iraq and Turkey for the past few months
- Extensive links to Kurdish news, cultural organizations, and political parties
- Turkmen
People's Party
- Statement of purpose in English
- Workers Community
Party of Iraq
- Numerous news bulletins opposing U.S. intervention
Jay Garner
- Jay Garner Biographies
- In Charge of Iraq - And Eager Not to Be (Christian Science Monitor, April 17, 2003)
- Iraq's New Chief? (Fortune, March 17, 2003)
John Negroponte
- Approved as U.S. ambassador to Iraq beginning July 1, 2004
- Biography
Regime Change
- Origins
of Regime Change in Iraq (Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace)
- Issue brief traces history of regime change recommendation from Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle through the Clinton and Netanyahu administrations to President GW Bush
- Numerous links to original letters recommending the strategy and political analyses by newspapers and the CEIP
United States Recommendations
- President
Bush Discusses Freedom in Iraq and the Middle East
- Speech delivered on the 20th anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy, November 2, 2003
- Received media attention of belief that Muslim world and democracy are compatible
- Vision of a democratic middle east
- Future
of Iraq
- Address given by President Bush to the American Enterprise Institute on February 26, 2003
- President's
Address of October 5, 2002
- News report of address promising Iraqis secure borders
- Battle is with Saddam and not the Iraqi people
- Press
Briefing by Ari Fleischer
- Presidential press briefing on October 1, 2002
- Suggests the possibility of Iraqis assassinating Saddam Hussein
- Iraq
Liberation Act - 1998
- Provides up to $97 Million in funding to support a transition government in Iraq
- H.R. 4655, Public Law 105-338 (signed Oct. 31, 1998)
- Senate Foreign Relations
Hearing
- Hearings to Examine Threats, Responses, and Regional Considerations Surrounding Iraq a post-Saddam Iraq
- Text version (downloaded from GPO web site) includes prepared statements and full text of testimony
- PDF Version (4.2 MB)
UNITED STATES OCCUPATION
Articles
- Baghdad
Bulletin
- Biweekly magazine in English created by University of Michigan graduate
- Articles on the culture, health, politics, utilities, and services in post-War Iraq
- Last issue on the web
- CIA Report:
Iraqis Losing Faith in U.S. (MSNBC)
- According to highly secretive CIA report, resistance to U.S. is growing in Iraq due to increased guerrilla attacks on the U.S. and U.S. retribution
- Associated Press report dated November 12, 2003
- Iraq After
Saddam (CBS)
- Latest news articles
- Interactive feature on humanitarian crisis, economic plans, and governance
- Iraq
Beyond War (ABC)
- News articles, special features and analysis
- New
Iraq (CNN)
- News and features on the transition of power, daily life in Iraq, and the economic costs of rebuilding
- Biographies of Iraqi and U.S. key players
- Alphabetic List of Casualties includes those killed after May 1, 2003
- Post-War
Iraq (Washington Post)
- On-going news articles
- Explanation of governing structure
Blackwater Security
- Hearing on Private
Security Contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan
- House Oversight and Government Reform web site on October 2, 2007 on Blackwater Security firm
- Web site includes a video of the hearing, testimony of Erik Prince (CEO) and two State Department officials
- Graphs and copies of letters, sanctions, etc.
- Private
Security Firms Standards: Cooperation and Coordination on the
Battlefield
- Hearing before the House Government Reform Committee, June 13, 2006
- Y4 .G74/7:Se 2/35
Civil War
- National
Intelligence Estimate: February 2007
- Public portion of a classified document released on February 2, 2007
- Sees the Sunni-Shia crisis only worsening in the next 18 months; includes Shia-Shia violence, al-Quaida, and crime
- Future outcomes include a partition of Iraq, a Shia strong man, or anarachy
- Rapid withdrawal of U.S. troops to worsen situation since Iraqis will be unable to handle it for next 18 months
- Another copy
Costs
- Budget and
Economic Outlook: An Update (CBO)
- Congressional Budget Office projects a total budget deficit of $480 billion in FY 2004 before budget situation improves
- Does not include the costs of rebuilding Iraq
- Released August 2003
- Congressional Hearings
- Senate
Armed Services
- Initial hearing on President's $87 billion budget request held on September 25, 2003
- Prepared statements of Paul Bremer and Gen. John Abizaid
- Use Congressional Universe (UMich Only) for additional material
- House Armed
Services Committee
- Initial hearing on President's $87 billion budget request held on September 25, 2003
- Prepared statements of Paul Bremer, Gen. John Abizaid, and Paul Wolfowitz
- Use Congressional Universe (UMich Only) for additional material
- Senate
Armed Services
- Cost of War in
Iraq
- Running cost of the Iraq war in the United States as a whole
- May be broken down by per person or per household
- Compares war costs with the cost of hiring teachers, granting college scholarships, public housing, children's health, and public education
- Economic
Costs of the Iraq War (Columbia University)
- Article by Linda Bilmes of Harvard and Joseph Stiglitz of Columbia
- Three-year assessment of war costs, including military costs, the economic costs of personnel injury, and oil prices
- Estimated
Costs of a Potential War with Iraq (CBO)
- Congressional Budget Office report released on September 30, 2002
- Estimates a monthly cost of $6-$9 billion per month for a war with Iraq
- Provides troop assumptions
- Rebuilding
Iraq (CNN)
- Business news on rebuilding Iraq
- Some information on costs to U.S. government
Iraq Study Group
- Iraq Study Group Report
- Bipartisan Baker-Hamilton Commission classifies situation in Iraq as grave
- Recommends removing combat role for U.S. troops in early 2008, training Iraqi forces and dialog with neighboring countries
- Report released on December 6, 2006 at
- Iraq Study
Group
- Members of the group, advisors, procedure, and timeline
Political Transfer of Power
- Coalition
Provisional
Authority
- Laws, regulations and orders covering Iraq since May 15, 2003
- List of Iraq ministries with web links when available
- Commercial solicitations, press releases
- Updates on progress toward restoring order (e.g. police stations open
- Biography of Ambassador Bremer
- Political
Transfer Agreement
- Fundamental Law (bill of results) to be adopted by Feb. 28, 2004, a Transitional National Assembly elected May 31, 2004, and vote for constitution/new government by Dec. 2005
- Agreement between the Iraqi National Governing Council and U.S. Administrator Paul Bremer on November 15, 2003
Prisoner Abuse
- Key Media Articles
- Abuse
of Iraqi POWS by GIs Probed (CBS)
- Article about Dan Rather's interview with General Mark Kimmitt on Sixty Minutes II, April 28, 2004
- Six soliders to undergo court martial for abusing prisoners in Iraq
- Iraq Abuse
Photos Spark Outrage (BBC)
- BBC news report of the abuse incident with videos from CBS
- New
Details of Prison Abuse Emerge (Washington Post)
- Photos and videos of prisoner abuse in Abu Ghraib
- Leaked to the newspaper and published on May 21, 2004
- Prisoner interviews
- Article may require free registration
- New Yorker Articles by Seymour Hersh
- Torture at
Abu
Ghraib (Seymour Hersh)
- Details about abuse of Iraqi prisoners in Fall 2003
- Summary of the classified report by General Antonio Taguba
- Appears in New Yorker, May 10, 2004
- Chain of Command was a follow-up article by Seymour Hersh in the May 17, 2004 issue
- The Gray
Zone:
How A Secret Pentagon Program Came to Abu Ghraib
- Article dated May 24, 2004
- Special Access Program for military interrogation a result of failures to kill Al-Qaida leaders in Iraq
- Charges that program approved by Defense Department's Stephen Cambone; Rumsfeld and Myers signed off; CIA objected
- Sexual humiliation discussed as technique before the war
- Statement by DOD Spokesman Lawrence DiRita (May 15, 2004)
- UMich affiliates should also be able to access the articles using Proquest or Lexis-Nexis Academic
- Torture at
Abu
Ghraib (Seymour Hersh)
- Prison
Visits by General Reported in Hearing (Washington
Post)
- Lawyer for Sgt. Chip Frederick alleges that General Ricardo Sanchez saw the abuse at Abu Ghraib
- Article dated May 23, 2003
- Abuse
of Iraqi POWS by GIs Probed (CBS)
- ACLU Torture
FOIA
- Full text of unpublicized investigations on torture of U.S. prisoners in Afghanistan, Iraq, Guantanamo Bay, and the United States
- Obtained by the American Civil Liberties Union and released on December 14, 2004
- Army Inspector General
Detainee Operations Report
- Report lists 94 cases of prisoner abuse
- Released July 2004
- CACI
- Civilian contractor for intelligence operations in Iraq
- Geoffrey
Miller Press Briefing
- Summary of comments by new general in command of Iraq detainee operations
- Assures human rights compliance
- Independent
Panel to Review DOD Detention Operations
- Determined that night operations at Abu Ghraib were unruly
- Various officers responsible for the environment up the chain of command
- Former Secretary of State James Schlesinger chaired the panel
- Released August 24, 2004
- Another copy
- International
Committee for the Red Cross Report
- Web site includes statements about its February 2004 report on Iraqi detainee abuse
- Full Text of Report is available from Truth Out, National Defense University, and University of Michigan
- Investigation
of Intelligence Activities at Abu Ghraib, Executive Summary
(Washington Post)
- Known as the Fay Report and released on August 25, 2004
- Finds widespread abuse of prisoners by military intelligence personnel
- Another copy
- LEGAL ADVICE
- Bush
Administration Memoes on Torture (Washington Post)
- Compilation of memoes from the Justice Department, Defense Department, Rumsfeld, legal counsels and President Bush on torture interrogation at Guantanamo, January 2002 - April 2003
- Washington Post dated June 22, 2004
- Use requires free registration
- Defense
Department Torture Memo (Newsweek/MSNBC)
- Article entitled New Torture Furor by Michael Hirsh and dated June 8, 2004
- Text of March 6, 2003 memo entitled WORKING GROUP REPORT ON DETAINEE INTERROGATIONS IN THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM
- Believed to be legal arguments for justifying intense interrogation tactics
- Concludes that President as commander-in-chief may not be bound by international laws on torture
- Justice Dept. Memo on Torture
- Justice
Dept. Memo Says Torture 'May be Justified' (Washington
Post)
- Article dated June 13, 2004 describing CIA request for justification of more aggressive interrogation techniques
- Text
of Justice Dept. Torture Memo (Washington Post)
- Memo dated August 1, 2002
- 2.8 MB
- John
Ashcroft's Testimony on Memo (Washington Post)
- Testimony of June 8, 2004 before the Senate Judiciary Committee
- Justice
Dept. Memo Says Torture 'May be Justified' (Washington
Post)
- White House
Counsel Torture Memo
- Memo by White House Counsel Alberto Gonzalez dated Jan. 25, 2002
- Requests President to reconsider exclusion of Taliban and Al-Qaeda prisoners of war from Geneva Convention rules
- Writes on behalf of the State Department
- Bush
Administration Memoes on Torture (Washington Post)
- President Bush's Reaction
- Interview with Alhurra Television (May 5, 2004)
- Interview with Al Arabiya Television (May 5, 2004)
- Prisoner
Abuse: Patterns from the Past (National Security
Archive)
- CIA interrogation training manuals from the 1963 and 1983
- Memo dated 1992 warning then Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney that Spanish language manuals meant for training intelligence officers in Latin America had objectionable material
- Regulations
Covering Prisoner Interrogation
- Army
Field Manual 34-52: Intelligence Interrogation
- Army regulations regarding the interrogation of prisoners
- Appendix H covers various interrogation approaches and Appendix J covers the 1949 Geneva convention
- Army
Field Manual 27-10: Law of Land Warfare
- Combat regulations regarding persons
- Treatment of prisoners
- Army Field Manuals - 34 Series includes related instructions on prisoners of war
- Interrogation Rules of Engagement
- Available to Senate Armed Services Committee
- Text not on web as of 5-13-04
- DOD
Directive 3115.09 (Washington Post)
- Defense Department directive requires humane treatment of prisoners by the military and CIA
- Issued November 8, 2005
- Backup Copy
- Army
Field Manual 34-52: Intelligence Interrogation
- Rumsfeld Testimony Before
Congress
- Secy. of Defense Donald Rumsfeld testified before the Senate and House Armed Services Committee on May 7, 2004
- Prepared Statements before the Senate and Transcripts of Senate Testimony; Transcripts of House Testimony
- Congressional
Universe (UMich Only)
- Search under Testimony for "armed services" committees and date as May 7, 2004
- Taguba
Report (MSNBC)
- Text (but not annexes) of theoretically classified report by General Antonio Taguba on the treatment of prisoners in Abu Ghraib and other Iraqi prisons
- Completed in March 2004
- Another Copy (NPR)
- Another Copy (UMich)
- Official Government Version in "cold storage" as of May 11, 2004
- See ACLU Torture FOIA for additional pages
- Prepared
Testimony
- Prepared statements of General Antonio Taguba and Under Secretary of Defense Stephen Cambone before the Senate Armed Services Committee on May 11, 2004 and Transcripts of Q&A Testimony
- U.S.
Military in Torture Scandal (Guardian)
- Article blames civilian interrogation contractors for abuse and sexual abuse of Iraqi prisoners
- See also Prisoners of War
Protest Groups
- Occupation
Watch
- Numerous English-language news on humanitarian crisis, rebuilding Iraq, oil, military events
- Special focus on contracted reconstruction
Reconstruction
- Awarded
Reconstruction Contracts (Commerce Dept)
- Brief list of contracts awarded by the U.S. Agency for International Development and Department of Defense
- Links to web sites of awardees but does not provide the dollar amount of the contract
- Bush
Officials Draft Broad Plan for A Free-Market Economy in
Iraq
- Article by Neil King of the Wall Street Journal, May 1, 2003
- Reconstruction depends heavily on U.S. private industry
- Moving The Iraqi Economy From Recovery to Sustainable Growth, which this article cites, is a classified document
- Defense
Department Contracts
- List of contracts awarded by day
- Press
Release on Excluding Contracts from Non-Coalition
Countries
- Released December 10, 2003
- Iraq Reconstruction
Task
Force (Commerce Dept)
- Business guide to Iraq
- Overview of Iraqi commercial law
- Rebuilding
Iraq (CNN)
- Business news on rebuilding Iraq
- Some information on costs to U.S. government
- Special
Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction
- Quarterly reports to Congress since March 2004
- Audits construction efforts and notes problems or inefficiencies
- State
Department
- Extensive news on reconstruction efforts and humanitarian programs
- Links to business programs
- US AID Assistance for
Iraq
- Detailed reports on grants and contracts awarded to individual companies for building Iraq
- Fund sources include U.S. and international agencies
Statistics
- Iraq
Index:
Tracking Variables of Reconstruction and Security in post-Saddam
Iraq (Brookings)
- Troop deaths by cause, civilian casualties, Iraqi armed forces, insurgents, car bombs
- Telephone subscribers, length of waiting time at gas station, internet subscribers, life expectancy, water and sewer connections
- Also includes public opinion polls on U.S. occupation issues broken down by religion
- Reports began in November 2003 and are updated weekly
- Measuring
Stability and Security in Iraq
- Defense Department quarterly report to Congress beginning July 2005
- Describes political, economic and security developments in Iraq
- Includes statistics, particularly on the military and Iraqi security forces
- Recommends changes in policy
- November 2006 Report released the day Robert Gates was sworn in as Secretary of Defense
Terrorism
- Al-Zarqawi
- Al-Zarqawi's Death
Announcement
- Announcement of U.S. attack and Zarqawi's death by Major General William Caldwell on June 8, 2006
- Includes slides
- Zarqawi
Survived Attack Briefly
- Briefing by Major General William Caldwell on June 9, 2006
- Al-Zarqawi's Death
Announcement
- Baghdad Blast
Kills Iraqi Leader (BBC)
- News report that Ezzedine Salim, Iraqi Governing Council President, was killed in a suicide bomb blast on May 17, 2004
- Declassified
Key Judgments of the National Intelligence Estimate, Trends in Global
Terrorism, Implications for the United States, April
2006
- Released by President Bush on September 26, 2006 after parts leaked to the press
- Suggests Iraq has become a recruiting ground for terrorists and they have adapted their efforts
- Lists causes for the increased violence
- Jihadists will lose some recruits if fail in Iraq
- Fallujah Contractors
- Four contractors from Blackwater Security were killed and hanged in Fallujah on March 31, 2004
- High
Pay - High Risk for Contractors in Iraq (CNN)
- Discusses risks faced by 4000 security contractors in Iraq
- U.S.: "We Will Respond to the Killings (CNN)
- Jordanian Embassy
- Bomb blast killed 10 and injured 40 at Jordanian Embassy in Baghdad on August 7
- Ten Killed at Jordanian Embassy (CNN)
- Mosque
at Najaf (CNN)
- Blast killed at least 75 and the Ayatollah al-Hakim
- Aimed at Shiites after Friday prayer services on August 29, 2003
- Nicholas Berg
- A Philadelphian, 26, killed theoretically in retribution for Iraqi prisoner abuse
- Discovered on May 11, 2004
- Video
Shows Beheading of American Hostage (CNN)
- Includes biographical information on Nicholas Berg and suspected terrorist Al-Zarqawi
- U.S.: Beheaded Civilian Was Warned to Leave Iraq (MSNBC, 5/12/04)
- United Nations
Headquarters
- The UN Headquarters in Iraq at the Canal Hotel was bombed on August 19, 2003
- At least 17 were killed, including UN Special Representative Sergio Vieira de Mello
- Secretary General's Statement
- War
Casualties (CNN)
- War and post-war casualties listed alphabetically by last name
- Includes date of death and circumstances
Troop Strength
- Global
Posture Review of the United States
- Senate Armed Services hearing held on September 23, 2004
- Senator Jack Reed read into the record part of the Defense Science Board's estimate of limited manpower in Iraq
- Full report is classified; Senator Reed's statements no available on the internet as of Sept. 25, 2004
- Defense Secretary Rumsfeld's opening remarks included on Senate web site
United Nations Involvement
- Bush
Address to UN on PostWar Cooperation
- Speech given to the General Assembly on September 23, 2003
- Encourages UN to rebuild the Middle East by ensuring democracy in Iraq, providing humanitarian aid, eliminating weapons of mass destruction, and fostering a separate Palestinian state
- Kofi Annan's Address to
UN
- Speech given to the UN General Assembly on September 23, 2003
- Criticizes pre-emptive strikes but encourages UN to support the rebuilding of Iraq
- Over
340 Tons of High Explosives Missing From Iraq
- UN press release of October 25, 2004
- Report from IAEA head Mohammed ElBaradei that explosives lost over past year through theft and looting
- Security
Council Resolution 1511
- Requests the Iraqi Governing Council to submit a plan for a new constitution and elections by December 15, 2003
- Recommends nations support Iraq with military troops, training, and financial assistance
- Approved on October 16, 2003
U.S. Government Agencies
- Coalition
Provisional
Authority
- Laws, regulations and orders covering Iraq since May 15, 2003
- List of Iraq ministries with web links when available
- Commercial solicitations, press releases
- Updates on progress toward restoring order (e.g. police stations open
- Biography of Ambassador Bremer
- One
Hundred Days of Progress in Iraq (White House)
- One hundred signs of improvement of Iraq since major combat operations ended
- Divided into 10 categories, including security, infrastructure, women, cultural issues, children, and democracy
- Published by the White House on August 8, 2003
- President's
Post-War Strategy (White House)
- Address to the Nation on September 7, 2003
- Strategy to eliminate terrorists in Iraq, reconstruct Iraq with the international community, and move toward self-governance
- Expected cost: $87 billion
- President's
Thanksgiving Trip to Baghdad (White House)
- Address President Bush gave to troops in Baghdad on November 27, 2003
- Surprise visit on Thanksgiving
- State
Department
- Extensive news on reconstruction efforts and humanitarian programs
- Links to business programs
Rumfeld Resignation
- President's
Announcement
- Announcement on November 8, 2006 of Donald Rumsfeld's departure as Secretary of Defense
- Announcement of Robert Gates' appointment
- Rumsfeld
Memo of Options for Iraq War
- Classified memo written by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld to President Bush on November 6, 2006, two days before his resignation was announced
- Includes reduction of bases, beefing up Iraqi security, suspending reconstruction funds from terrorist hotbeds, creating an employment program for youths
- Printed by New York Times, December 3, 2006 (Section 1, p. 28, Column 1)
Victory Strategy
- National
Strategy for Victory in Iraq
- Outlines short, medium and long-term benchmarks to be met in Iraq before a U.S. pullout of troops
- Defines political, economic and security issues
- The appendix defines eight objectives and specific actions the United States is taking
- Report released by the National Security Council in November 2005
- Another copy
- Surge Strategy
- New
Way Forward in Iraq
- Outline of President Bush's strategy released January 10, 2007
- Points include: let the Iraqis lead; help Iraqis protect the population; isolate extremists; create space for political progress; diversify political and economic efforts; and situate the strategy in a regional approach, and a surge of 21,500 troops
- Petraeus/Crocker Testimony to House Armed Services Committee/September 10, 2007
- President's Address to the Nation
- House Con Res 63, disapproving the surge in Iraq, passed by a roll call vote on February 16, 2007
- S. 574, expressing the Senate's disapproval on the surge, was set aside on February 17, 2007 after the vote on cloture failed
- New
Way Forward in Iraq
- Surge Strategy and Assessments
- Report
of the Independent Commission on Security Forces in
Iraq
- Known as the Jones report and presented to Congress in September 2007
- Suggests there are steady improvements in the Iraqi military but the Iraqi police forces remain poor
- Securing,
Stabilizing and Rebuilding Iraq: Iraqi Government Has Not Met Most
Legislative, Security, and Economic Benchmarks
- General Accountability Office Report 07-1195, released September 4, 2007
- The Iraqi government has met three of the 18 benchmarks established by the U.S.: establishing security stations and committees around them to support Baghdad as well as establishing minority party rights
- It has not met de-Baathification, oil revenue sharing, provincial election, and amnesty goals
- Report
of the Independent Commission on Security Forces in
Iraq
Withdrawal Strategy
- Congressional Deadline Bills (2007)
- H.R.
1591 provides Iraq War appropriations pending a
U.S. withdrawal
in September 2008
- Conference version required U.S. to begin withdrawal in October 2007 and complete in 2008
- House Roll Call Vote
- Senate Roll Call Vote
- S. 965 calls for withdrawal by March 31, 2008
- H.R.
1591 provides Iraq War appropriations pending a
U.S. withdrawal
in September 2008
Woodward Book
- Bob Woodward's State of Denial claims the Bush Administration, released on Sept. 30, 2006, was less than candid about the reality of Iraq
- Bob
Woodward: Bush Misleads on Iraq
- Partial text of Bob Woodward interview with Mike Wallace on October 1, 2006
- For long-term access, University of Michigan affiliates should use LEXIS-NEXIS Academic, Guided News Search, News Transcripts, CBS, the date and Woodward's name
- Five
Myths in the Woodward Book
- Released by the White House on September 30, 2006
- Web Sites
- Officials
- President - Sheikh Ghazi al-Yawar
- Prime Minister - Ayad Allawi
- Al Jazeera (May 28, 2004)
- ABC Australia (May 29, 2004)
- Economist (May 30, 2004)
- Speech Before Congress (September 23, 2004)
- Vice President -- Ibrahim Jaafari
- Vice President -- Rowsch Shaways
- Agriculture -- Sawsan Sherif
- Communication -- Mohammed Ali Hakim
- Culture -- Mufeed al-Jazaeri
- Defense -- Hazem Shalan al-Khuzaei
- Education -- Sami Mudahfar
- Electricity -- Ayham al-Samarie
- Finance -- Adil Abdel-Mahdi
- Foreign Minister -- Hoshiyar Zebari
- Health -- Alaa Alwan
- Higher Education -- Tahir al-Bakaa
- Housing -- Omar Farouk
- Human Rights -- Bakhityar Amin
- Immigration and Refugees-- Bascal Essue
- Industry -- Hajim al-Hassani
- Irrigation -- Abdul-Latif Rasheed
- Interior -- Falah Hassan al-Naqib
- Justice -- Malik Dohan al-Hassan
- Labor -- Leila Abdul-Latif
- Oil -- Thamir Ghadbhan
- Planning -- Mahdi al-Hafidh
- Provincial Affairs -- Waeil Abdel-Latif Women's Affairs -- Nermin Othman
- Public Works -- Nesreen Mustafa Berwari
- Science and Technology -- Rashad Mandan Omar
- Sport and Youth -- Ali Faik Alghaban
- Trade -- Mohammed al-Joubri
- Transportation -- Louei Hatim Sultan al-Aris
- Minister of State -- Qassim Dawoud
- Minister of State -- Mahmoud Farhad Othman
- Minister of State -- Adnan al-Janabi
United Nations Role
- Draft
Resolution (CNN)
- Highlights of resolution proposed by U.S. and UK on May 24, 2004
- Calls for UN Peacekeeping force under U.S. command for one year
- Revised Text (June 1, 2004)
- Final Text of UN Sovereignty Resolution
(S/Res.1546)
- Passed unanimously by Security Council on June 8, 2004
- Text from United Nations
- Text from MSNBC
- UN
News on Iraq
- News releases and resolutions about UN's roles in Iraq
- Includes Lakhdar Brahimi's negotiations on a new government, Oil for Food investigation, UNMOVIC and UNSCOM reports
President's Speech Series
- Address
of May 24, 2004
- Outlines five steps to transition: handover authority, establish security, improve infrastructure, gain international support, and hold elections
- Address to Air Force Academcy (June 2, 2004)
United States Role in Transition
-
>
- U.S. Embassy in
Baghdad
- Headed by John Negroponte
- Web site is primarily transition news
Election 2005
- Independent
Electoral Commission of Iraq
- Laws and regulations concerning candidates, voters, and vote observers
- List of candidates (Arabic only)
- Voter education materials
- Includes results of Dec. 25, 2005 election
- Election
World
- List of web sites for Iraq's political parties
- International
Republican
Institute
- Iraqi transitional law in English and Arabic
- Monthly public opinion polls about the election (in general terms) since June 2005
- Iraq
Election:
Who is Running (BBC)
- Brief biographies of the key candidates
- Political parties and parties boycotting the election
Officials
- Cabinet Members (August 2006)
- Stephen Hadley Memo on Nuri al-Malaki
- Classified memo written by National Security Advisor on November 8 and leaked to the press on November 29, 2006
- Explores possible reasons by Nuri al-Malaki unable to control violence in Iraq and steps to improve the ground situation
- Memo printed in the New York Times, November 29, 2006, Late Edition, Section A, p. 19 but not on its web site
- University of Michigan affiliates should search LEXIS-NEXIS Academic for the New York Times, Nov. 29, 2006 with the following keywords in the headline: national security adviser's and iraq
SADDAM HUSSEIN CAPTURE
Capture
- Speeches
- Announcement
by Ambassador Paul Bremer
- Official announcement that Saddam Hussein had been captured
- Made December 14, 2003 on capture at 8:30 p.m. on December 13
- President
Bush's Announcement
- Brief remarks made by President Bush on Saddam Hussein's capture
- December 14, 2003
- Announcement
by Ambassador Paul Bremer
- Defense
Department Briefing
- Text of presentations by Ambassador Paul Bremer and General Ricardo Sanchez made in Baghdad on December 14, 2003
- Includes slides of Operation Red Dawn, pictures of Saddam after captured, and questions/answers during the press conference
Trial
- Statute
of the Iraqi Special Tribunal
- Rules for Iraq war crimes trials
- Issued by the Iraqi Governing Council on December 10, 2003
- Saddam Hussein's Arraignment - July 1,
2004
- Video
by CBS
- Only video available free and with Windows Media Player or Real Player as of 3 p.m. on July 1
- 30-minute video of court appearance is approximately 10 MB
- Day
in Court (ABC)
- Includes slide show of Saddam's court appearance
- Defiant
Saddam Rejects Court, Charges (CNN)
- Coverage and analysis by Christiane Amanpour, one of the few reporters invited to the arraignment
- Saddam
Mocks Court as Theater (CBS)
- Description of court appearance and definition of war crimes
- Video
by CBS
- Trial of
Saddam Hussein (Law Library of Congress)
- Very clear description of historical context, court procedures, indictment, and appellate decision
- Includes related treaties, additional readings and web sites
- Trial Summary (Court TV)
- Trial Coverage (Jurist)
- Verdict
(BBC)
- Summaries of the verdict and sentences delivered on November 5, 2006
- Saddam's Farewell Letter
Execution
- Saddam Hussein was executive on December 30, 2006, at 6:05 a.m. Iraqi time
- CNN
Coverage
- Timeline of Saddam's downfall
- Videos and pictures of the execution from Iraqi television
- Some of the images are graphic
Bin Laden
- Bin Laden Address to Iraq (Feb. 11, 2003)
- See also America's War Against Terrorism
Prominent Individuals
- Gore
Speech on Iraq
- Former Presidential candidate Gore's speech to the Commonwealth Club on September 23, 2002
- Believes U.S. should finish war on Al-Qaeda first
- Another Copy
- Scott
Ritter
- Text of CNN interview with former UN arms inspector Scott Ritter
- Ritter addressed the Iraqi National Assembly on September 8, 2002
- Said U.S. invasion of Iraq would be a dramatic mistake
Public Opinion
- Gallup Organization
- Summary results of most current public opinion polls
- Gallup Poll, 1935 to present, also available in the Graduate Library Reference Room as HN 90.P9 .G18
- Year
After Iraq War (Pew Research Center)
- Public opinion poll of U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Morocco, Jordan, Turkey, Pakistan on all aspects of Iraq War and relations with U.S.
- Covers opinions at various dates between April 2002 and March 2004
- Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction, effectiveness of war on terrorism, which agency best to reconstruct Iraq
- Favorability ratings of Bush, Blair, Annan and Bin Laden
- Includes Christian and Muslim breakdowns
- Pew Research
Center
- Text and statistics of U.S. public opinion polls on politics, public policy, and the press
- Current issues include Election 2002 issues and President Bush's clarity on Iraq
- Polling
Report
- Biweekly periodical with public opinion polls on politics, business, and culture
- October 2002 poll on handling of Iraq
- Polling
the Nations, 1986+ (UMich Only)
- Indexes public opinion survey questions in foreign countries
- Choose data base; at the NEXT screen, type in keyword search
- Searches may be refined
- Data includes the full text of the question, brief results, and a citation to the article
- Presidential
Job Performance (Roper Center)
- Public opinion polls on President Bush's job
- Separate charts from Gallup, Yankelovich, ABC, NBC, and CBS rate the President several times per year since 1993
- Gallup ratings include begin with 1938 and rate president's since FDR
- Roper
Center/Public Opinion
- Primarily information about the Center
- Searchable catalogs of its public opinion polls, the Latin American Survey Data Bank and the Japanese Survey Data Bank
- Roper polls can also be searched in Academic Universe (UMich Only) in the Reference/Polls and Surveys section
War Opposition
- Alternative Sources
on
the U.S.-Iraq Conflict
- Alternative news sources and discussion lists
- Weblink to numerous war opposition groups
- American
Friends
Service Committee
- Resource guide on Iraq and the effect of economic sanctions
- Articles on opposing the war and on a post-war Iraq
- End the
War
- Group organizes marches in Britain and the United States to oppose the war
- Also opposes economic sanctions
- International Action
Center
- Notices of anti-war marches
- Articles and brief opinion pieces on the war
- Organization founded by Ramsey Clark
- No War
with Iraq (The Nation)
- Links to anti-war web sites
- Win Without
War
- Coalition of 32 anti-war groups with Martin Sheen as a media spokesperson
- Organized a virtual march on Washington
- Web sites recommends ways Saddam could be disarmed without war
- Links to related groups
PRIMARY PLAYERS - UNITED NATIONS
Types of United Nations Documents
Official Records
| Document | Definition | Index | Full Text |
|---|---|---|---|
| Official Records | Debates | Access
UN*,
1948+ UN Speech Index, 1983+ |
Access
UN*, 1990+ if vote UNODS*, 1992+ (password in DocCen) DocCen in paper and fiche |
| Resolutions | Legislation | Access UN*, 1948+ | Access
UN*, 1990+ UNODS*, 1946+ (password in DocCen) UN Web Site --GA, 1963+ --SC, 1946+ DocCen in paper and fiche |
| Voting Records | Country Votes on Resolutions | Voting
Records --SC, 1946+ --GA, 1983+ |
Voting
Records --Security Council, 1946+ --General Assembly, 1983+ |
| Mimeographed (Masthead) | Letters and Drafts | Access UN*, 1948+ | UN Web Site,
some, 1990+ UNODS*, 1992+ (password in DocCen) DocCen in paper and fiche |
*Campus-Licensed Web Site
- Definition
- Texts of General Assembly, Security Council, and Economic and Social Council proceedings
- Includes speeches by delegates and resolutions
- Each set has own index by subject and country for each year
- Identify UN series number (e.g. A/45/PV.12, S/RES/242) and ask at Documents Desk for assistance in locating paper copy or microfiche
- Example of General Assembly Index
- Indexes
- Access
UN
(UMich Only)
- Index to United Nations documents issued since 1948
- Searches may be defined by author, country, type of document (official record, sales publication), subject, title, text, and date
- Provides citations to United Nations microfiche and paper records located in the Documents Center
- Includes the full text of General Assembly plenary meetings (A/PV) since 1993 (48th session) and its committees (e.g. A/C.2/46/SR.1) since the 45th session, 1990, when they contain voting records
Resolutions in Full Text
- Access
UN
(UMich Only)
-
UN Web
Site
- Full text of General Assembly, Economic and Social Council and Security Council Resolutions since 1973
- United
Nations Speech Index
- Indexes speeches in the General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Security Council and Trusteeship Council since 1983
- Index by country or keyword
- Sample search by country, subject and session:
-
Choose keyword
russia* 54 kosovo - Data includes speaker, country, subject, date, record number, and agenda item number
- Does not link to the full text of document
- Speeches are also indexed since 1948 in Access UN (UMich Only)
- United
Nations Voting Records
- Country voting records on Security Council resolutions since 1946 and General Assembly resolutions since the 38th Session (1983) with a possible one-year time delay
- Searchable by resolution number or keyword
- Data includes votes name of resolution, resolution number, agenda item number, and voting records for individual countries
- Note: the arrangement is by resolution rather by country
- Additional Sources of UN Voting Records
- United Nations Roll Call Data, 1946-1985 covers General Assembly; in SPSS format; ICPSR membership only
- Nations on Record (Doc. Cen. JX 1977.8 .V6 N28) has General Assembly roll call charts, 1945-86
- General Assembly Sessional Index, 1975+ (in Documents Center UN Collection) and Security Council Sessional Index, 1976+ (in Documents Center UN Collection) have similar charts
Mimeographed publications
- Definition
- Draft letters and resolutions submitted by delegates to UN
- Full Text of Mimeographed Publications
- Many but not all are located on the United Nations Web Site
- Full text in microfiche or paper in the Documents Center
United Nations Web Sites
- United Nations
Web Site
- Basic information on the United Nations (history, charter, member countries)
- Press releases, daily highlights
- General Assembly, ECOSOC, and Security Council publications and resolutions
- Does NOT include debates; see paper copy in Documents Center
- Indexed by keyword and type of document
- Major conference documents, catalog of UN sales publications, audio-visual material
- United
Nations Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection
Commission (UNMOVIC)
- Body replaced UNSCOM in 1999 and is involved with 2002 inspection negotiations
- Web site includes quarterly reports and historic documents
- United Nations
Special Commission (UNSCOM)
- Mandate and membership
- General Assembly and Security Council resolutions relating to UNSCOM
- Various reports on weapons inspection
- Latest semi-annual report
- Replaced by UNMOVIC
- International
Atomic Energy Agency
- Responsible for the nuclear component in the Iraqi weapons inspections
- Results of the October meeting in Vienna for renewed inspections
- Previous inspection activities
PRIMARY PLAYERS - OTHER INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- North
Atlantic
Treaty Organization
- Historic documents, NATO Handbook, NATO Review
- Current press releases and fact sheets
- NATO
Blocked on Iraq Decision (Washington Post)
- France, Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg blocked NATO resolution on supporting U.S. war against Iraq until a United Nations decision made
- Article dated January 22, 2002
International Atomic Energy Agency
- International Atomic Energy
Agency
- Agency that is inspecting Iraq's nuclear weapons
- Full text of documents and debates from the IAEA's latest conference
- Organizational information and access to the IAEA's bibliographic data base
PRIMARY PLAYERS - MIDDLE EAST
Middle East Area
- Arab Net
- Overview, history, business, cultural, government, and tour information for each Arab country
- Government information includes summaries of the national structure, foreign policy, education, health, and the military
- News in Arabic and links to related web sites
- Background
Notes on Countries of the World (U.S. State Dept.)
[Web]
- Summarizes a country's history, economy, and foreign policy
- Updated on a staggered basis every few years
- The latest edition of the paper copy is in the Map Library as G59.U58
- CIA
World Factbook
- Brief information about a country's population, ethnicity, politics, and economics
- The corresponding paper copy is in Doc.Cen. G 122 .U56--Doc.Ref. [Library]
- Encyclopedia of
the
Orient [Web]
- Multimedia encyclopedia of the Middle East and North Africa from ancient times to the present
- Identifies people, places, and events with hotlinks and maps
- Country descriptions include the populations of major cities
- Mideast Web for
Coexistence
- Detailed current maps of the Middle East and broad historic maps spanning thousands of years
- Historic peace documents
- Brief economic, demographic and health data for Middle East countries
- Model
League of Arab States
- Excellent guide to members of the Arab League and related states
- Considerable information about individual countries
- Background information on the League
- Information about Model League of Arab Nations simulations
- Near
East Division (University of Michigan Library)
- Links to major Near East studies centers, professional organizations, and news sources
- Description of the University of Michigan Near East Collection
- Religious Composition based on CIA World Factbook:
| Country/Group | Shia Muslim | Sunni Muslim |
|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | 19% | 80% |
| Egypt | * | 90% |
| Gaza Strip | * | 98% |
| Iran | 89% | 9% |
| Iraq | 60-65% | 32-37% |
| Jordan | 2% | 92% |
| Kuwait | 25% | 60% |
| Lebanon | 35% | 25% |
| Pakistan | 20% | 77% |
| Saudi Arabia | 22% | 78% |
| Syria | 16% | 74% |
| Turkey | * | 99% |
| United Arab Emirates | 16% | 80% |
| West Bank | * | 75% |
| Al-Quaida | * | 100% |
| Fatah | Secular | Secular |
| Hamas | * | 100% |
| Hezbollah | 100% | * |
Related Sources
- United Nations Debates for the translated text of statements before the General Assembly and Security Council
- World News Connection for English translations of foreign news broadcasts
- List
of
U.N. Security Council Members,
2002-2003
- Note that Syria is a temporary member of the Security Council but does not have a mission web site
Egypt
- Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
- Statements of foreign policy
- Text of treaties
- Press releases beginning 1998
- President
- Press conferences of President Mubarak and news interview
Iran
- Iran
Weekly Press Digest
- Internal, economic, and foreign affairs news summary
- Current selected articles available without a subscription
- Mission to
the United Nations
- Text of statements made to the Security Council beginning 1994 and General Assembly beginning 1996
- "Iran in United Nations Resolutions"
- Includes links to Iranian news sources
- Text in English
Israel
- Jerusalem
Post (Internet Edition)
- Full text of current edition
- Ministry
of Foreign Affairs
- Primary documents on the peace process
- Timeline and status of the Wye Agreement
- Facts about Israel
- Permanent
Mission to the United Nations
- Description of the United Nations issues regarding Israel and historic UN documents
- Geopolitics and the countries with which Israel has diplomatic relations
- Israel does not have diplomatic relations with Iraq
Jordan
- Jordan Times
- Last week of political and economic news
- Covering the Iraq situation
- National Information
Center
- Subject approach to Jordanian government, culture, business, environment, industry, and transportation
- Links to government agencies
- Text in English
Kuwait
- Kuwait Ministry of
Information
- Full text of Constitution and biographies of leaders
- Brief descriptions of the government, international relations policy, arts, and education
- News releases beginning October 1996
- Text in English
- Web site down, Sept. 2, 2003
- Permanent
Mission to the United Nations
- Speeches before the United Nations
- Historical background on Kuwaiti issues at the UN
- Security Council resolutions related to Kuwait and voting records
- Conventions signed by Kuwait and information about the mission
Libya
- Permanent
Mission to the
United Nations
- Selected speeches and information on the Lockerbie trial
Palestine
- Palestine National
Authority
- Links to the Ministry of Information and the Central Bureau of Statistics
- Site is under construction
- President
- Speeches, meetings, and documents of President Yasser Arafat beginning 2001
Qatar
- Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
- Description of the country
- Brief discussion of foreign policy
Saudi Arabia
- Permanent Mission to the United
Nations
- Selected speeches
Turkey
- Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
- Press releases and statements on Turkish foreign policy
- Government organization and structure
- Information on Turkish economics, politics society, and tourism
United Arab Emirates
- United Arab
Emirates
- Culture, geography, history, and tourism
- Biography of the President
- Embassy in the
United States
- Expresses concern over use of its country for terrorist attacks
PRIMARY PLAYERS - COUNTRIES OUTSIDE THE MIDDLE EAST
Related Sources
- United Nations Debates for the translated text of statements before the General Assembly and Security Council
- World News Connection for English translations of foreign news broadcasts
- List of U.N. Security Council Members, 2002-2003
China
- Permanent Security Council Member
- Chinese
Embassy (Washington, D.C.)
- Substantial information on Chinese foreign relations and public policy issues (human rights, Taiwan, Hong Kong)
- Economic statistics, education information, and travel
- Permanent
Mission to the United Nations (Geneva)
- Press releases on Chinese policy, including human rights
France
- Permanent Security Council Member
- Embassy to the
United States
- Extensive press releases and statements on foreign policy
- Sections on trade and tourism
- Searchable by keyword in English
- France
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Lengthy description of overall foreign policy
- Special sections on defense, nuclear testing, and the European Union
- Text in English with links to other languages
- Permanent
Mission to the United Nations (Geneva)
- Documents, press releases, and statements
- Text in French ony
Germany
- Embassy to the United
States
- Cultural and statistical information
- Tracing German ancestors
- Government includes section on foreign policies such as Middle East, United Nations, and former Soviet Union
- Permanent Mission to
the
United Nations
- Statements and speeches in English
- Germany elected as temporary member of the Security Council in 2003
Russia
- Permanent Security Council Member
- Embassy
to the United States
- Description of the Russian government and 1995 civil code
- How to obtain Russian visa
- Press releases on foreign policy, including material on Iraq
- Permanent
Mission to the United Nations
- Statements made before the Security Council, Economic and Social Council, and General Assembly in English and Russian
United Kingdom
- Permanent Security Council Member
- Foreign and Commonwealth
Office
- Annual report and background briefs on British foreign policy
- Travel and consular advice
- House
of Commons
- Full text of debates, oral questions, and written answers
beginning
October 23, 1996 (Hansard's)
- Searchable by keyword, speaker, type of document, and date
- Members, committees and officers of the House of Commons
- Full text of debates, oral questions, and written answers
beginning
October 23, 1996 (Hansard's)
- House
of Lords
- Full text of Hansard's House of Lords debates beginning June 10, 1996
- Members of the House, bills, committees, and officers
- Mission to the United
Nations
- Statements made to the General Assembly, 1997+, and Security Council
- 10
Downing Street
- Biographies of previous prime ministers and current cabinet officials
- Prime Minister's speeches, interviews, and press releases
Additional countries
- Foreign
Embassies Worldwide [Web]
- Links to foreign embassy web sites and gophers in the United States, Canada, and other selected countries
- Foreign
Governments (UMich) [Web]
- Annotated list of foreign index, foreign relations, and parliamentary web sites
- Political Resources
on the Net (Italy)
- Hundreds of links to parties, movements, elections, political organizations, government, and embassy web sites arranged by country
- Searchable by country or world region
- Web site has extensive coverage and merits high ratings
PRIMARY PLAYERS - IRAQ
Constitution
- Interim Constitution (1990)
- Draft
Constitution (Aug. 24, 2005)
- Full text of constitution translated from Arabic into English
- Distributed by the Associated Press in pdf format
- Draft
Constitution
- Text in English and dated May 2002
- Draft
Interim Constitution (CNN)
- Iraqi Governing Council agreed to text on March 1, 2004; signed March 8, 2004
- Summary of Constitution (ABC)
- Full Text
Government (Hussein)
- Interim Government covered separately on this web page
- Intelligence
Agencies
- Brief descriptions in English
- Ministry
of Foreign
Affairs No longer active. Link
maintained
for historical context.
- Saddam's statements on United Nations sanctions and U.S. aggression
- Outlines United States war crimes
- Discussion of human rights situation in Iraq
- Archived web page from July 18, 2002
- National
Assembly No longer active. Link
maintained
for historical context.
- List of committee assignments
- Selected speeches
- Presidency
No longer active. Link maintained
for historical context.
- Official biography of Saddam Hussein
- Speeches from 1999 to within the last three months
- English and Arabic
- Mission to
the United Nations No longer active.
Link maintained
for historical context.
- Selected speeches and press releases
Government (Coalition Provisional Authority)
- Laws, regulations and orders covering Iraq since May 15, 2003
- List of Iraq ministries with web links when available
- Commercial solicitations, press releases
- Updates on progress toward restoring order (e.g. police stations open
- Biography of Ambassador Bremer
Political Parties
- Assyrian
Democratic Movement
- Statement of purpose in English
- Ba'th
Arab Socialist Party
- Party of Saddam Hussein
- Bet-Nahrain Democratic
Party
- For separate Assyrian homeland in Iraq
- Constitutional Monarchy
Movement
- Describes original principles of the constitution, which were aborted by the coups
- Encourages participation of the Kurds
- Iraq
Foundation
- News stories about Iraqi opposition groups
- Various reports on human rights abuses
- UN resolutions regarding Iraq
- Links to related web sites on Iraq
- Iraqi National Congress
- Web site supporting Iraqi opposition forces
- Lists suspected locations for weapons of mass destruction and names the countries which contributed to them
- Pictures of suspected palaces
- News and cultural information
- Kurdistan Communist
Party
- Wants to put Saddam Hussein on trial
- Kurdistan Democratic
Party
- Tribute to founder Barzani
- Statement of principles
- Kurdistan Socialist
Democratic Party
- Text in Arabis only
- Kurdistan Toilers
Party
- Brief history available in English
- Party
of the New Rise
- Limited information available in English
- Patriotic Union of
Kurdistan
- Press releases on relations with Iraq and Turkey for the past few months
- Extensive links to Kurdish news, cultural organizations, and political parties
- Turkmen
People's Party
- Statement of purpose in English
- Workers Community
Party of Iraq
- Numerous news bulletins opposing U.S. intervention
News
- Iraq
Daily
- English-language news about Iraq and the Middle East with a Western flavor
- Iraq
News Agency No longer active. Link
maintained
for historical context.
- Pro-government news against U.S. war and sanctions
- Iraq
Press
- Current news of troop movements, speeches
- Obvious bias toward the internal Iraqi opposition
- Iraq-Report
- Weekly news summary about Iraqi politics since 1998
- Reporting appears to be objective
- Issued by Radio Free Europe, a U.S. government project
- Iraqi
Papers
- Brief news and letters to the editor about current events
- World
News Connection
- Iraqi news translated from Arabic to English
- Use a structured search with the SOURCE as Baghdad
Secondary Sources
- Background Note:
Iraq (State
Department)
- Summary of Iraq's history, economics, politics
- Includes Iraq's relations with other countries dating back to 1977
- Updated as of December 2001
- Iraq: A
Country Study
- Detailed history of Iraq plus geography, politics, culture and religion
- Coverage of political parties, Kurdish problem, and Iran-Iraq War
- Searchable and browsable
- Army Area Handbook dated 1988
- Model League of Arab
States
- Background information, State Department reports, maps, membership in international organizations
- Speech by Saddam Hussein on anniversary of revolution
- Additional research materials
- Sources of
Revenue for Saddam and Sons (pdf) (Coalition for
International Justice)
- Report claims that Saddam's money coming from oil exports to neighboring countries and outside the Food for Oil program
- Released September 2002 in pdf format
Web Indexes
- Federal
Agency Web Sites
- Cleancut alphabetical listing of federal agency web sites
- Includes search engine
- FirstGov
- Official federal government gateway
- Consumer-oriented approach by citizen, business, and government
- Good keyword search engine for identifying current documents
- Google Search
Engine
- Web search engine devoted exclusively to sites with .gov and .mil extensions
- Excellent for federal policy papers
Declassified Documents
- Declassified
Documents
Reference System (UMich)
- Full text of hundreds of Presidential, Congressional, and other federal government documents related to foreign and domestic affairs
- Indexed by author, subject, type of declassification
- Text in HTML or gif format
- Declassified memoes on Iraq, 1958-98
- Corresponding paper index located in the Documents Center (Doc.Cen. Z 1223 .Z7 D34) and microfiche in the Serials Room
- The retrospective fiche is MICRO-F397; the current fiche is MICRO-F X194
- Digital
National Security Archive (UMich Only)
- Full text of declassified federal documents issued during the Cold War period
- Many of the documents issued by the State Department, Defense Department, and Central Intelligence Agency
- Subjects include:
- Searchable by a combination of collection, subject, keyword, creator, recipient, classification, document type, and date
- In searching a space ; space is equivalent to or; an and must be used in a different box
- Example: nuclear ; atomic ; plutonium ; uranium [as keyword] - health [as subject]
- Text in pdf or gif format
- Declassified
Documents and Other Sources for Secrets (Michigan State
University)
- Descriptive background on document declassification
- Links to federal web sites with declassified material
- Annotated links to non-government web sites
| Afghanistan Berlin Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis El Salvador Intelligence Community |
Iran-Contra Affair Iranian Revolution Iraqgate Military Uses of Space Nicaragua |
Nuclear Nonproliferation Philippines Presidential Directives South Africa Soviet Estimate |
Executive Branch
- Central Intelligence
Agency
- Speeches and press releases
- Several CIA publications, including World FactBook and Chiefs of State
- DefenseLINK
(Dept. of Defense)
- Defense Department speeches and press releases searchable by date or keyword
- Links to Defense Department agencies
- Department of State
Foreign Affairs Network
- State Department speeches and foreign policy
- Arranged by region and subject
- Most information begins 1993/94
- Search engine accessible through toolbar at top of page
- Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic
Papers, 1861- (JX 233 .A3)
- Full text of declassified diplomatic documents and correspondence
- Latest volumes are 1968
- Web Version has selected volumes beginning 1958 and include Johnson Administration policy on Iraq
- Intelligence
Community
(Federation of American Scientists)
- Presidential Executive Orders and Directories, Defense Department Directories, laws and regulations affecting American intelligence
- Links to official intelligence community web sites with FAS model web pages
- National Security
Agency
- Brief information about the agency
- United
States Information Agency
- Compiles news and State Department policies about the Middle East
- English and Arabic
- U.S.
Middle East Policy Data Base
- Annual review of foreign policy beginning 1980
- Part of the Middle East Review of International Affairs web site
- Weekly Compilation of
Presidential Documents, 1993+
- Full text of Presidential executive orders, speeches, press conferences, names of nominees
- Phrases should be in parentheses and Boolean operators capitalized (e.g. "affirmative action" AND "college admissions")
- Table of contents search (contents AND "july 28, 1997)
- White House
- Press briefings, speeches and initiatives of the Bush administration
- Updated daily except on weekends
- Use the Weekly Compilation above for permanent access to the Clinton Administration
Legislative Branch
- LEGISLATIVE HISTORY
PROCESS
- Chart identifies stages of the legislative process from recognition of a problem through bill introduction, committee work, debates, votes, Presidential action, laws, and regulations
- Quick links to public and library sources of the information
- JOURNALS
- Congressional
Quarterly
(UMich Only)
- Weekly publication with non-partisan political analysis of Congress
- Identifies major legislation, the issues, and players
- Roll call votes
- Political party and election analysis
- Web coverage begins in 1983 and is searchable
- National
Journal (UMich Only)
- Weekly periodical focusing on politics in the Executive Branch since 1977
- Includes presidential-congressional relations
- Congressional
Quarterly
(UMich Only)
- BILLS
- THOMAS
- Indexes bills since 1993 by keyword, sponsor and date
- Provides the full text and status
- THOMAS
- COMMITTEE PUBLICATIONS
- Includes hearings (testimony), committee prints (research reports), reports (recommendations on bills), and documents (Executive Branch communiques)
- Hearings of House International Relations and Senate Foreign Relations Committees provide Executive Branch policy as well as expert opinions
- Congressional
Universe (UMich Only)
- Indexes published hearings (1970+), committee prints (1993+), and reports (1989+) by subject, keyword, committee, and date
- Provides an abstract of publications located in the Documents Center in paper and/or microfiche format
- Includes the full text of selected testimony beginning 1988
- Non-University of Michigan Users
- Key committee web sites:
- Search by keyword in subject and the word "testimony" in web sources like Google's Uncle Sam and FirstGov to identify Executive agencies and lobby groups which publish testimony on their web sites
- Contact your local federal depository library
- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD [Web]
- Congressional
Universe (UMich Only)
- Indexes Congressional Record since 1985 by keyword, speaker, and date
- Provides the full text
- THOMAS
- Indexes speeches on the floor of Congress by subject, Member of Congress, and date since 1993
- Congressional
Universe (UMich Only)
- COMPILED LAWS IN FORCE
- United
States Code (via
Congressional Universe - UMich Only) [Web]
- Search existing laws in force by keyword or U.S. Code citation
- Updated within days of the passage of a new law
- Provides U.S. Code text as well as references to bill and public law text
- Locate under Bills, Laws, and Regulations
- United
States Code (via Cornell Law School)
- Text of all laws in force as of January 1996
- Searchable by popular title of law, title and section of the U.S. Code, or keyword
- Currently the best interface
- United
States Code (via
Congressional Universe - UMich Only) [Web]
- PUBLIC LAWS
- Iraq
Liberation Act
- Provides up to $97 Million in funding to support a transition government in Iraq
- H.R. 4655, Public Law 105-338 (signed Oct. 31, 1998)
- Thomas
- Public Laws beginning 1973
- Search by law number or bill number
- Iraq
Liberation Act
- REGULATIONS
- Code
of Federal
Regulations via Congressional Universe
(UMich only)
- Full text of existing regulations in force
- Searchable by keyword and agency
- Updated every two weeks
- Code of
Federal Regulations (National Archives)
- Searchable by title and keyword
- Updated annually
- Federal
Register (via GPO Access)
- Search full text via keyword since 1994
- Check off Federal Register box on initial screen; see search instructions on the bottom of the screen
- Code
of Federal
Regulations via Congressional Universe
(UMich only)
- Turabian
Style
Guide
- Writing guide recommended by Professor Tanter
Course Information
- Description of Professor Tanter's course and its requirements
- Detailed syllabus includes web links to related material and to readings
- Term papers in text or HTML format
HTML Creation
- How to
Create Your Own Homepage (ITD)
- Basic guide to creating a web page for University of Michigan students
- Web Reference
(Athenia)
- Extensive links to web page design for expert and beginner
- Has search engine for rapid identification of design problem
- News and conference announcements
Reference Tools
- Dictionaries and encyclopedias
- Quotations and writing guides